{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:31:19Z","timestamp":1786559479436,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Finerenone is associated with a lower, yet clinically relevant, risk of hyperkalemia compared with steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) trials. However, real-world data on hyperkalemia and its associated factors are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FINE-TURK is a national, observational cohort of DKD patients who were initiated on finerenone. Eligible adults were included; demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were evaluated. The primary outcome was hyperkalemia risk signal (potassium\u00a0\u22655.0 mEq\/l), and the secondary outcome was clinically meaningful hyperkalemia (potassium\u00a0\u22655.5 mEq\/l) within 3 months. Multivariate logistic regression (LR) was used to define features associated with the both outcomes. Machine learning methods of LR, random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting, and categorical boosting classifiers were used to define important features associated with the primary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total 699 patients were included. Of them, 259 (37.1%) reached the primary outcome, and 51 (7.3%) reached the secondary outcome. Baseline serum potassium, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and finerenone dose were associated with the both outcomes in multivariate LR. Machine learning analyses consistently identified baseline serum potassium and eGFR as the most influential factors associated with primary outcome, with thiazide use being associated with lower risk and 20 mg (compared to 10 mg) finerenone initiation being associated with higher risk. LR demonstrated the highest recall; RF achieved the highest precision in performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Real-world data suggest that the risk of clinically meaningful hyperkalemia is similar to that in the clinical trials. In parallel with the safety analysis of clinical trials, baseline potassium and eGFR were consistently the most important factors associated with hyperkalemia risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfag227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:29:37Z","timestamp":1783380577000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperkalemia risk with finerenone in diabetic kidney disease: a real-world analysis from the FINE-TURK cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Murat","family":"\u00d6zdede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Yadigar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alper Tuna","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suat","family":"Akg\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Bursa \u00c7ekirge State Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8318-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felemez","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Sezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Bursa City Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"\u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ataturk Sanatoryum Training and Research Hospital , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sultan 2. Abd\u00fclhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00fcl","family":"Do\u011fantekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sultan 2. Abd\u00fclhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lker","family":"Atay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University Faculty of Medicine , \u0130zmir ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serpil M\u00fcge","family":"De\u011fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University Faculty of Medicine , \u0130zmir ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Kayseri City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Kayseri ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcmeyra","family":"Koyuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Kayseri City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Kayseri ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcst\u00fcn","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u00e7a","family":"\u0130nci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"\u00c7olak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, \u0130zmir City Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130zmir ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fclent","family":"Demirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Marmara University Hospital , \u0130stanbul","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serhan","family":"Tu\u011flular","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru Gok","family":"Oguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Etlik City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Deniz","family":"Ayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Etlik City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezgi","family":"Avanaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Antalya City Hospital , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Antalya City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Konya City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Konya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Karak\u00f6se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Konya City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Konya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mine \u015eebnem","family":"Karakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar G\u00fcrlek","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00fcltigin","family":"T\u00fcrkmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Balo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Batmazo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Denizli State Hospital , Denizli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Mert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, \u00d6zel Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hospital , Denizli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine , Diyarbak\u0131r ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Y\u0131lmaz","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine , Diyarbak\u0131r ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erg\u00fcn","family":"Parmaks\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u0131nar","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartu","family":"Ediz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeki","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dar\u0131ca Farabi Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , Kocaeli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2491-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine and Organ Transplantation, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, School of Medicine, At\u0131l\u0131m University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siren","family":"Sezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine and Organ Transplantation, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, School of Medicine, At\u0131l\u0131m University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suat","family":"\u00dcnver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Ac\u0131badem Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1475-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6znur","family":"Baykal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beril","family":"Akman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Ac\u0131badem Hospital , Ankara ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atila","family":"Altunta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1284-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmud","family":"\u0130slam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine , Sakarya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel Y\u00fccel","family":"Ko\u00e7ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Mert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Clinic, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belda","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine , Denizli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necmi","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine , Kocaeli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simge Bardak","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Yenimahalle Education and Research Hospital, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukadder Ay\u015fe","family":"Bilgi\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ankara Medical Park Hospital , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arda","family":"Erdut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fah","family":"Keskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpa\u015fa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3400-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Horoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Adana Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences University , Adana ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Ziya","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Adana City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Adana ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Tekiny\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Duranay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan Feyyaz","family":"Yal\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazal Melike Yavuz","family":"Umut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Altunok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital , Trabzon ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramazan","family":"Sar\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funda","family":"Sar\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine , Antalya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Torun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Adana Dr Turgut Noyan Teaching and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University , Adana ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serdar","family":"Kahvecio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , Bursa ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2468-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asena Serap","family":"Karatutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00fclin","family":"Akag\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, Giresun University Faculty of Medicine , Giresun ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Bursa Ac\u0131badem Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Kazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University , Afyonkarahisar ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lyas","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kahramanmaras Necip Fazil City Hospital , Kahramanmara\u015f ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Karab\u00fck Training and Research Hospital , Karab\u00fck ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Fethullah","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Bal\u0131kesir Atat\u00fcrk City Hospital , Bal\u0131kesir ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Me\u015fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asil","family":"Demirezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dclver","family":"Derici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eda","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kocaeli City Hospital , Kocaeli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Bak\u0131rd\u00f6\u011fen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine , \u00c7anakkale ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekrem","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Faculty of Medicine , Rize ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00fcneyt","family":"Akg\u00f6l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Burdur State Hospital , Burdur ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut Ba\u015far","family":"Aykent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, \u015ei\u015fli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"\u0130lter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Clinic, K\u00fctahya Evliya \u00c7elebi Education and Research Hospital , K\u00fctahya ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Ekmekci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Memorial G\u00f6ztepe Hospital, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University Faculty of Medicine , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sena","family":"Ulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ar\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"\u015eeng\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kocaeli City Hospital, Health Sciences University , Kocaeli ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif Ar\u0131","family":"Bak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar City Hospital, Health Sciences University , \u0130stanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","article-title":"The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Tomic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70084","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70084","article-title":"Trends and disparities in the burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes in China from 1990 to 2021: a population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4\u00b74 million participants","volume":"387","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39759","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039759","article-title":"Prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in North American region: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Zahra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2315607","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1107-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Glovaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn033","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the US population","volume":"167","author":"Astor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy","volume":"329","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes","volume":"345","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1629","article-title":"Renal protection of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa736","article-title":"Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine","volume":"42","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03263-5","article-title":"Low-dose spironolactone and cardiovascular outcomes in moderate stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Hobbs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64640-3","article-title":"Finerenone versus spironolactone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a target trial emulation","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070942","article-title":"Hyperkalemia risk with finerenone: results from the FIDELIO-DKD trial","volume":"33","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.07.006","article-title":"Fiddling with hyperkalemia?","volume":"78","author":"Waitzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf098","article-title":"Hyperkalemia risk of finerenone versus spironolactone in CKD patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Idowu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1159\/000543923","article-title":"Change in urine albumin-creatinine ratio and occurrence of hyperkalemia in patients initiating finerenone in the USA: a cohort study from the FOUNTAIN platform","volume":"149","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Real-world effects of finerenone in diabetics kidney disease: data from Fine-Turk study","author":"Yadigar","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9043582\/v1"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.10.016","article-title":"New strategies for the treatment of hyperkalemia","volume":"132","author":"Masi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14633","article-title":"Prevalence and management of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease and heart failure patients in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)","volume":"25","author":"AlSahow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softwar"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3107","article-title":"Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations","volume":"27","author":"Gelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785","article-title":"XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"Chen"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib30","article-title":"CatBoost: unbiased boosting with categorical features","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems [Internet]","author":"Ostroumova"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047174882X","volume-title":"Elements of Information Theory","author":"Cover","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066138","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066138","article-title":"Estimating mutual information","volume":"69","author":"Kraskov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib33","first-page":"1137","article-title":"A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection","volume-title":"14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.","author":"Kohavi"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib34","first-page":"4765","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume-title":"31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib35","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0805-y","article-title":"Interpretation and impact of real-world clinical data for the practicing clinician","volume":"35","author":"Blonde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.05.021","article-title":"Evaluation of machine learning algorithms for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors associated renal adverse event prediction","volume":"114","author":"G\u00fcven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410659","article-title":"Finerenone with empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"393","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfaf305","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf305","article-title":"Dosing, treatment patterns and safety of finerenone use in routine care: an interim analysis of the prospective, real-world and observational FINE-REAL study","volume":"18","author":"Wheeler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6245","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70816","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of finerenone in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a real-world observational study","volume":"8","author":"Bae","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf474","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy: applications and perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70377","article-title":"Machine learning methods for predicting adverse drug events: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Chalabianloo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497397","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1497397","article-title":"Predicting adverse drug event using machine learning based on electronic health records: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026081214021671200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51109","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51109","article-title":"Machine learning insights into uric acid elevation with thiazide therapy commencement and intensification","volume":"15","author":"\u00d6zdede","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfag227\/68704485\/sfag227.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/19\/8\/sfag227\/68704485\/sfag227.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/19\/8\/sfag227\/68704485\/sfag227.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:02:24Z","timestamp":1786557744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfag227\/8725768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfag227","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"article-number":"sfag227"}}