{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:15:19Z","timestamp":1785420919167,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fever is one of the leading causes of consultation in the pediatric emergency department for patients under the age of 3\u2009years. Distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections etiologies in febrile patients remains challenging. We hypothesized that specific host biomarkers for viral infections, such as type I-interferon (IFN), could help clinicians\u2019 decisions and limit antibiotic overuse.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paxgene tubes and serum were collected from febrile children (n\u2009=\u2009101), age from 7\u2009days to 36\u2009months, with proven viral or bacterial infections, being treated at pediatric emergency departments in France. We assessed the performance of an IFN signature, which was based on quantification of expression of IFN-stimulated genes using the Nanostring\u00ae technology and plasma IFN-\u03b1 quantified by digital ELISA technology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum concentrations of IFN-\u03b1 were below the quantification threshold (30 fg\/mL) for 2% (1\/46) of children with proven viral infections and for 71% (39\/55) of children with bacterial infections (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). IFN-\u03b1 concentrations and IFN score were significantly higher in viral compared to bacterial infection (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). There was a strong correlation between serum IFN-\u03b1 concentrations and IFN score (p-pearson\u2009=\u20090.83). Both serum IFN-\u03b1 concentration and IFN score robustly discriminated (Area Under the Curve &amp;gt;0.91 for both) between viral and bacterial infection in febrile children, compared to C-reactive protein (0.83).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IFN-\u03b1 is increased in blood of febrile infants with viral infections. The discriminative performance of IFN-\u03b1 femtomolar concentrations as well as blood transcriptional signatures could show a diagnostic benefit and potentially limit antibiotic overuse.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03163628).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T11:06:52Z","timestamp":1585566412000},"page":"802-808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Type I Interferon in Children with Viral or Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Trouillet-Assant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioM\u00e9rieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - Virpath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Viel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoly Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"Immunit\u00e9 inn\u00e9e dans les maladies infectieuses et autoimmunes team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon University, Lyon, France"},{"name":"National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic diseases in childrEn (RAISE), Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Ouziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, H\u00f4pital Femme M\u00e8re Enfants, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucille","family":"Boisselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioM\u00e9rieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Rebaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, H\u00f4pital Nord-Ouest, CH de Villefranche-sur-Sa\u00f4ne, Gleiz\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Basmaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, AP-HP, Louis-Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France"},{"name":"Paris University, INSERM, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Mod\u00e9lisation, Evolution (IAME), Paris, 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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Brengel-Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioM\u00e9rieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, H\u00f4pital Femme M\u00e8re Enfants, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Javouhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, H\u00f4pital Femme M\u00e8re Enfants, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Lyon, France"},{"name":"EA7426: Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Antoine Study 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