{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T15:59:55Z","timestamp":1788623995698,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"A.M. Tonkin"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"J.T. Neumann"},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NE","award":["2165\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2165\/1-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is established for diagnostic purposes. Cardiac troponins, as specific markers of myocardial injury, and natriuretic peptides, reflecting myocardial dilation, are routinely used for diagnosis in clinical practice. In addition, a substantial body of research has shed light on the ability of biomarkers to reflect the risk of future major cardiovascular events. Among biomarkers, troponin and members of the natriuretic peptide family have been investigated extensively in the general population, in those at higher risk, and in patients with known CVD. Both biomarkers have been shown to contribute substantially to statistical models describing cardiovascular risk, in addition to and independently of important clinical characteristics. The more precise identification of individuals at risk by appropriate use of biomarkers might lead to an earlier initiation of preventive therapies and potentially avoid significant events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We summarize the current evidence concerning risk prediction using cardiac biomarkers at different stages in the development of CVD and provide examples of observational studies and large-scale clinical trials testing such application. Beyond the focus on troponin and natriuretic peptides, we also discuss other important and emerging biomarkers in the field with potential for such application, including growth differentiation factor-15, soluble ST2 (alias for IL1RL1 [interleukin 1 receptor like 1), and galectin-3.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Incorporating biomarkers in risk prediction models might allow more precise identification of individuals at risk. Among the various biomarkers, cardiac troponin appears to be the most promising for prediction of future cardiovascular events in a wide variety of patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T11:16:03Z","timestamp":1600686963000},"page":"96-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in Epidemiology and Risk Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Paul M","family":"Haller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt N","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M","family":"Tonkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes T","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021010814305056700_hvaa228-B1","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021010814305056700_hvaa228-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-55-1-33","article-title":"Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease\u2014six year follow-up experience.\u00a0The Framingham Study","volume":"55","author":"Kannel","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021010814305056700_hvaa228-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control 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