{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:36:10Z","timestamp":1790951770482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health Open Project"},{"name":"Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering"},{"name":"Emergency Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infectious disease outbreaks such as the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic call for rapid response and complete screening of the suspected community population to identify potential carriers of pathogens. Central laboratories rely on time-consuming sample collection methods that are rarely available in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present a highly automated and fully integrated mobile laboratory for fast deployment in response to infectious disease outbreaks. The mobile laboratory was equipped with a 6-axis robot arm for automated oropharyngeal swab specimen collection; virus in the collected specimen was inactivated rapidly using an infrared heating module. Nucleic acid extraction and nested isothermal amplification were performed by a \u201csample in, answer out\u201d laboratory-on-a-chip system, and the result was automatically reported by the onboard information platform. Each module was evaluated using pseudovirus or clinical samples.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mobile laboratory was stand-alone and self-sustaining and capable of on-site specimen collection, inactivation, analysis, and reporting. The automated sampling robot arm achieved sampling efficiency comparable to manual collection. The collected samples were inactivated in as short as 12\u2009min with efficiency comparable to a water bath without damage to nucleic acid integrity. The limit of detection of the integrated microfluidic nucleic acid analyzer reached 150 copies\/mL within 45\u2009min. Clinical evaluation of the onboard microfluidic nucleic acid analyzer demonstrated good consistency with reverse transcription quantitative PCR with a \u03ba coefficient of 0.979.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mobile laboratory provides a promising solution for fast deployment of medical diagnostic resources at critical junctions of infectious disease outbreaks and facilitates local containment of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T12:38:57Z","timestamp":1613651937000},"page":"672-683","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Highly Automated Mobile Laboratory for On-site Molecular Diagnostics in the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Wanli","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"},{"name":"CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiadao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangbin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"},{"name":"CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing, Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanshan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease\/National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease\/National Center for Respiratory Medicine\/Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health\/The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9","article-title":"Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"395","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2021088","article-title":"Covid-19\u2014implications for the health care system","volume":"383","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2404-8","article-title":"The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"584","author":"Hsiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"Wolfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642","article-title":"Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases","volume":"296","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa102","article-title":"Rapid detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2020.03.006","article-title":"Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0175-x","article-title":"Single-copy sensitive, field-deployable, and simultaneous dual-gene detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via modified RT-RPA","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02624","article-title":"Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection","volume":"14","author":"Udugama","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e480","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30068-1","article-title":"Potential association between COVID-19 mortality and health-care resource availability","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31093-X","article-title":"Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics","volume":"395","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001183","article-title":"The use of a mobile laboratory unit in support of patient management and epidemiological surveillance during the 2005 Marburg outbreak in Angola","volume":"5","author":"Grolla","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01477.x","article-title":"Flexibility of mobile laboratory unit in support of patient management during the 2007 Ebola-Zaire outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"59","author":"Grolla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12664","article-title":"Development and use of mobile containment units for the evaluation and treatment of potential Ebola virus disease patients in a United States hospital","volume":"22","author":"Sugalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30055","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.44.30055","article-title":"Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory","volume":"20","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005665","article-title":"South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: a modular high biosafety field laboratory","volume":"11","author":"Paweska","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy362","article-title":"Development of mobile laboratory for viral hemorrhagic fever detection in Africa","volume":"218","author":"Weidmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068401","article-title":"Mobile microbiological laboratory support for evaluation of a meningitis epidemic in Northern Benin","volume":"8","author":"Njanpop-Lafourcade","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005622","article-title":"Rapid deployment of a mobile biosafety level-3 laboratory in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0698-541","article-title":"Preparation and hybridization analysis of DNA\/RNA from E. coli on microfabricated bioelectronic chips","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06739-2","article-title":"A rapid, low-cost, and microfluidic chip-based system for parallel identification of multiple pathogens related to clinical pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.03.012","article-title":"Evaluation of a micro\/nanofluidic chip platform for the high-throughput detection of bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in post-neurosurgical meningitis","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127834","article-title":"A portable microfluidic analyzer for integrated bacterial detection using visible loop-mediated amplification","volume":"310","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.07.015","article-title":"A high-throughput, multi-index isothermal amplification platform for rapid detection of 19 types of common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001912","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01912-2020","article-title":"Clinical application of intelligent oropharyngeal-swab robot: implication for COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23930-1","article-title":"Real-time detection and monitoring of loop mediated amplification (LAMP) reaction using self-quenching and de-quenching fluorogenic probes","volume":"8","author":"Gadkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B29","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060624","article-title":"Evaluation of heating and chemical protocols for inactivating SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Pastorino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12261","article-title":"Heat inactivation of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"8","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa091","article-title":"Potential false-negative nucleic acid testing results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from thermal inactivation of samples with low viral loads","volume":"66","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00077-3","article-title":"Sequelae of Ebola virus disease: the emergency within the emergency","volume":"16","author":"Vetter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30234-7","article-title":"Insights from clinical research completed during the West Africa Ebola virus disease epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Rojek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2355-0","article-title":"Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19","volume":"583","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7","article-title":"Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis","volume":"20","author":"Verity","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359","article-title":"Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"Wyllie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021070811013488100_hvab027-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/672\/36842350\/hvab027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/67\/4\/672\/36842350\/hvab027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T19:43:15Z","timestamp":1625773395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/67\/4\/672\/6206726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}