{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:03:29Z","timestamp":1788897809487,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01NS113828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS113828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disease in which analysis of clinical presentation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests aid in diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review discusses laboratory tests ordered to rule out and rule in MS, such as the traditional measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG index and oligoclonal bands. Biomarkers discovered in the past 2 decades, such as aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies, have been incorporated into clinical practice in the diagnosis of disorders referred to as MS mimics. The importance of test selection, assay methodology, optimal sample for testing, and diagnostic utility of these biomarkers is reviewed. Other laboratory testing that can aid in the differentiation between MS and these biomarker-defined CNS demyelinating diseases is described. There is a focus on emerging biomarkers such as the use of kappa immunoglobulin free light chain concentration in CSF and kappa CSF index measurement as an alternative to oligoclonal bands which has a potential for an improvement in laboratory workflows. Finally, the role of biomarkers of disease activity and prognosis are discussed, including neurofilament light chain, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and myelin basic protein. Future perspectives with improved laboratory testing tools and discovery of additional biomarkers are provided.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory testing for demyelinating disorders using CSF and serum are routine practices that can benefit from an update, as novel biomarker-defined entities have reduced the potential for MS misdiagnosis, and CSF\/serum biomarkers reinstated in the diagnostic criteria of MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvac061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T15:14:12Z","timestamp":1648566852000},"page":"1134-1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An Update on Laboratory-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ruba S","family":"Saadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola A","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Algeciras-Schimnich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin P","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean J","family":"Pittock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alice","family":"Willrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.10.1249","article-title":"The 150th anniversary of the first depiction of the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Compston","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1435","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005331","article-title":"Temporal trends in multiple sclerosis prevalence and incidence in a large population","volume":"90","author":"Rotstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320189","article-title":"Latitude continues to be significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B6","first-page":"815","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and other non-multiple sclerosis central nervous system inflammatory diseases","volume":"25","author":"Flanagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0214-9","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Jarius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B8","volume-title":"Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics","author":"Rifai","year":"2018","edition":"6th Ed."},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.11.013","article-title":"Role of the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Ortiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0253","article-title":"Upper reference limits for cerebrospinal fluid total protein and albumin quotient based on a large cohort of control patients: implications for increased clinical specificity","volume":"54","author":"Hegen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.278267","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid total protein reference intervals derived from 20 years of patient data","volume":"63","author":"McCudden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(09)71035-8","article-title":"Molecular basis of leukocyte-endothelium interactions during the inflammatory response","volume":"62","author":"Barreiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413465","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/413465","article-title":"Initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: innate immune response","volume":"2013","author":"Hernandez-Pedro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00726","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Deisenhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e951","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000951","article-title":"Altered CSF albumin quotient links peripheral inflammation and brain damage in MS","volume":"8","author":"Puthenparampil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.07.006","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness","volume":"180","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.09.014","article-title":"CSF kappa free light chains: cutoff validation for diagnosing multiple sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Saadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B18","first-page":"2055217319901291","article-title":"The diagnostic value of IgG index versus oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Simonsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01799","article-title":"IgG index revisited: diagnostic utility and prognostic value in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1439","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008237","article-title":"Intrathecal IgM production is a strong risk factor for early conversion to multiple sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Pfuhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25237","article-title":"Intrathecal immunoglobulin M production: a promising high-risk marker in clinically isolated syndrome patients","volume":"83","author":"Huss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(01)00492-6","article-title":"A sensitive and reproducible method for the detection of oligoclonal IgM bands","volume":"258","author":"Villar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515594044","article-title":"Validation of kappa free light chains as a diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: a multicenter study","volume":"22","author":"Presslauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0901","article-title":"CSF free light chain identification of demyelinating disease: comparison with oligoclonal banding and other CSF indexes","volume":"56","author":"Gurtner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845844","article-title":"Kappa free light chains is a valid tool in the diagnostics of MS: a large multicenter study","volume":"26","author":"Leurs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-1300","article-title":"Free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid. Comparison of different methods to determine intrathecal synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Hegen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63432-0.00006-2","article-title":"Immunopathology: Autoimmune glial diseases and differentiation from multiple sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Popescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"Igg marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642272","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.642272","article-title":"Detection of MOG-IgG in clinical samples by live cell-based assays: performance of immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry","volume":"12","author":"Marchionatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.025","article-title":"MOG antibody disease: a review of MOG antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"25","author":"Narayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1581","article-title":"Seroprevalence of aquaporin-4-IgG in a northern California population representative cohort of multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Pittock","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B33","first-page":"8692328","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 autoantibody detection by ELISA: a retrospective characterization of a commonly used assay","volume":"2021","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248dec1","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays","volume":"78","author":"Waters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000231","article-title":"Clinical utility of testing AQP4-IgG in CSF: guidance for physicians","volume":"3","author":"Majed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B36","first-page":"20552173211052656","article-title":"Diagnostic value of aquaporin-4-IgG live cell based assay in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Redenbaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1488","article-title":"Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007096","article-title":"A multicenter comparison of MOG-IgG cell-based assays","volume":"92","author":"Waters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007077","article-title":"Live-cell based assays are the gold standard for anti-MOG-ab testing","volume":"92","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e674","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000674","article-title":"International multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays","volume":"7","author":"Reindl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B41","first-page":"20552173211022767","article-title":"Frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in a large cohort of neurological patients","volume":"7","author":"Held","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0912","article-title":"Positive predictive value of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody testing","volume":"78","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1867","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008479","article-title":"Relevance of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in CSF of seronegative cases","volume":"93","author":"Mariotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1814","article-title":"Association of MOG-IgG serostatus with relapse after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and proposed diagnostic criteria for MOG-IgG-associated disorders","volume":"75","author":"Lopez-Chiriboga","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24954","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Disanto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518765666","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain is a biomarker of acute and chronic neuronal damage in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Siller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.638","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain serum levels correlate with 10-year MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Chitnis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e555","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000555","article-title":"Profiling individual clinical responses by high-frequency serum neurofilament assessment in MS","volume":"6","author":"Akgun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1201","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009097","article-title":"Blood neurofilament light levels segregate treatment effects in multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Delcoigne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320287","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain serum levels reflect disease severity in MOG-ab associated disorders","volume":"90","author":"Mariotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.009","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain in central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312676","article-title":"Myelin injury without astrocytopathy in neuroinflammatory disorders with MOG antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Kaneko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26067","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein: a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder biomarker","volume":"89","author":"Aktas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6094-7","article-title":"Myelin basic protein: a multifunctional protein","volume":"63","author":"Boggs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00265","article-title":"Determining causation from observational studies: a challenge for modern neuroepidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Jelinek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000551","article-title":"Mechanisms for lesion localization in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"31","author":"Bradl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055864.08740.CB","article-title":"The clinical significance of an intrathecal monoclonal immunoglobulin band","volume":"60","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B59","first-page":"2055217315620935","article-title":"Free kappa light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker to assess risk conversion to multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Menendez-Valladares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.07.010","article-title":"Validation and meta-analysis of kappa index biomarker in multiple sclerosis diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Menendez-Valladares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2496","article-title":"Temporal relationship between elevation of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"293","author":"Levin","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21141","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part ii: noninfectious factors","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10251","volume":"476","author":"International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.08.018","article-title":"The properties of cytokines in multiple sclerosis: pros and cons","volume":"356","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.11.007","article-title":"Cytokines in multiple sclerosis: from bench to bedside","volume":"106","author":"Imitola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26062","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis is rare in Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative children with central nervous system inflammatory demyelination","volume":"89","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30347-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPL2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Cree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317969","article-title":"CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to aqp4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Kaneko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24617","article-title":"Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum","volume":"79","author":"Flanagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12107","article-title":"Evaluation of aquaporin-4 antibody assays","volume":"5","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","article-title":"MOG encephalomyelitis: International recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing","volume":"15","author":"Jarius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.09.011","article-title":"Monitoring oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebral spinal fluid using MICROLC-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"288","author":"Barnidge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519876020","article-title":"Metabolomics in multiple sclerosis disease course and progression","volume":"26","author":"Bhargava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147319","article-title":"New insights into multiple sclerosis mechanisms: lipids on the track to control inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"22","author":"Podbielska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e732","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000732","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human CSF microglia and myeloid cells in neuroinflammation","volume":"7","author":"Esaulova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2022090114134113400_hvac061-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00132","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the value of miRNA for multiple sclerosis diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/68\/9\/1134\/45640519\/hvac061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/68\/9\/1134\/45640519\/hvac061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T02:22:41Z","timestamp":1726885361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/68\/9\/1134\/6658172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvac061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]}}}