{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:49:10Z","timestamp":1788518950875,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lipids play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins are routinely measured to help identify individuals at high risk of developing CVD and to monitor patients\u2019 response to therapy. The landscape of lipid testing is rapidly changing, including new ways to estimate traditional lipid parameters (e.g., low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C] calculations) and new lipid parameters that show superiority for risk prediction (e.g., non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [non-HDL-C], apolipoprotein B [apoB], and lipoprotein a [Lp(a)]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various national guidelines for managing dyslipidemia to prevent CVD are available, which primarily focus on LDL-C for identifying those at high risk and setting thresholds for optimal response to therapy. However, LDL-C can be calculated and measured in various ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. Importantly, the recently established Sampson\u2013NIH LDL-C equation appears to be superior to preceding calculations, as is clear from the literature and in guidelines. There is now a shift towards using lipid parameters other than LDL-C, such as non-HDL-C, apoB, and Lp(a), to identify high-risk patients and\/or establish treatment targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this review is to discuss the present and future of lipid testing for CVD risk assessment through describing various national clinical guidelines, critically reviewing methods to calculate and measure LDL-C and discussing the clinical utility of additional lipid parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T18:17:40Z","timestamp":1675361860000},"page":"456-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The Present and Future of Lipid Testing in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Nicole M A","family":"White-Al Habeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynacare , Brampton, ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DynaLIFE Medical Labs , Edmonton, AB , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan T","family":"Remaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R","family":"Beriault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada"},{"name":"Li 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