{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:55:06Z","timestamp":1778637306927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in patients with diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments in the full version of the guideline). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association of Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Content<\/jats:title>\n Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the patients measuring their own blood glucose with meters and\/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring devices and also by laboratory analysis of Hb A1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring; genetic testing; and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Summary<\/jats:title>\n The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T17:46:53Z","timestamp":1689875213000},"page":"777-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Executive Summary: Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B","family":"Sacks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L","family":"Bakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine , Chicago, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School , Charlottesville, VA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea R","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University\/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malm\u00f6 , Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyd E","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Sue Kirkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082508463392400_hvad079-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.003243","article-title":"Type-I diabetes: a chronic autoimmune disease of human, mouse, and rat","volume":"8","author":"Casta\u00f1o","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025082508463392400_hvad079-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.12.1595","article-title":"Banting lecture 1988. 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