{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:49:09Z","timestamp":1790812149329,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Historically, lipids and lipoproteins were measured in the fasting state for cardiovascular risk prediction; however, since 2009 use of nonfasting lipid profiles has increased substantially worldwide. For patients, nonfasting lipid profiles are convenient and avoid any risk of hypoglycemia. For laboratories, blood sampling in the morning and extra visits for patients who have not fasted are avoided. For patients, clinicians, hospitals, and society, nonfasting sampling allows same-day visits with first blood sampling followed by a short wait for test results before clinical consultation. Therefore, nonfasting compared to fasting lipid profiles will save money and time and may improve patient compliance with cardiovascular prevention programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report on the progression of endorsement and implementation of nonfasting lipid profiles for cardiovascular risk prediction worldwide and summarize the recommendations from major medical societies and health authorities in different countries. We also describe practical advantages and disadvantages for using nonfasting lipid profiles. Further, we include a description of why fasting has been the standard historically, the barriers against implementation of nonfasting lipid profiles, and finally we suggest the optimal content of a nonfasting lipid profile.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein concentrations vary minimally in response to normal food intake and nonfasting lipid profiles are equal or superior to fasting profiles for cardiovascular risk prediction. Major guidelines and consensus statements in Europe, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Japan, India, and Australia now endorse use of nonfasting lipid profiles in some or all patients; however, there are still gaps in endorsement and implementation of nonfasting lipid profiles worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:07:26Z","timestamp":1713776846000},"page":"911-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Worldwide Increasing Use of Nonfasting Rather Than Fasting Lipid Profiles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0201-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Langsted","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte , Herlev , Denmark"},{"name":"The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte , Herlev , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00f8rge G","family":"Nordestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte , Herlev , Denmark"},{"name":"The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte , Herlev , Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804146","article-title":"Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"118","author":"Langsted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.777334","article-title":"Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events","volume":"118","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.09.062","article-title":"Nonfasting versus fasting lipid profile for cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"51","author":"Langsted","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0392","article-title":"Association of nonfasting vs fasting lipid levels with risk of major coronary events in the Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial-lipid lowering arm","volume":"179","author":"Mora","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.006","article-title":"A test in context: lipid profile, fasting versus nonfasting","volume":"70","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B6","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Plasma lipids in non-fasting patients and signal values of laboratory results","volume":"171","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1349","article-title":"Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood","volume":"122","author":"Daniels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2024070503315384000_hvae046-B8","first-page":"S213","article-title":"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report","volume":"128","author":"Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; 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