{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:25:22Z","timestamp":1774283122057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Institutions of higher education (IHE) have been a focus of SARS-CoV-2 transmission studies but there is limited information on how viral diversity and transmission at IHE changed as the pandemic progressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we analyze 3606 viral genomes from unique COVID-19 episodes collected at a public university in Seattle, Washington from September 2020 to September 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across the study period, we found evidence of frequent viral transmission among university affiliates with 60% (n = 2153) of viral genomes from campus specimens genetically identical to at least one other campus specimen. Moreover, viruses from students were observed in transmission clusters at a higher frequency than in the overall dataset while viruses from symptomatic infections were observed in transmission clusters at a lower frequency. Although only a small percentage of community viruses were identified as possible descendants of viruses isolated in university study specimens, phylodynamic modeling suggested a high rate of transmission events from campus into the local community, particularly during the 2021\u20132022 academic year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that viral transmission was common within the university population throughout the study period but that not all university affiliates were equally likely to be involved. In addition, the transmission rate from campus into the surrounding community may have increased during the second year of the study, possibly due to return to in-person instruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T15:27:25Z","timestamp":1733326045000},"page":"192-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Diversity and Transmission on a University Campus across Two Academic Years during the Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M","family":"Casto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel I","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia C","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle G","family":"Luiten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter D","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis S","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"McDermot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey S","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Environmental Health and Safety Department, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Acker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie K","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devon","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"McCaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlin D","family":"Figgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Shendure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy M","family":"Uyeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea M","family":"Starita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["United 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