{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:33:04Z","timestamp":1787671984784,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R33AI147419 \u2013 05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R33AI147419 \u2013 05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001316","name":"Abbott Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) encompasses the use of antiviral medications to prevent HIV acquisition in individuals without HIV who are at risk. Currently available HIV PrEP medications are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and integrase inhibitors. HIV testing is required to confirm that patients do not have an HIV infection before PrEP, when restarting PrEP after a long pause, and during ongoing maintenance of PrEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article reviews current practices and recent developments in PrEP. Daily oral HIV PrEP is a common approach for HIV PrEP. The challenge with oral HIV PrEP is medication adherence. Recently, long-acting injectable medications for HIV PrEP have become available, which may improve adherence. HIV testing plays a critical role in PrEP programs. Methods for HIV testing for PrEP programs include laboratory-based antigen\/antibody immunoassays, rapid testing with reflex confirmation, and RNA testing. The World Health Organization encourages the use of rapid HIV assays for self-testing because provider-administered testing may be a barrier to PrEP uptake. Currently available HIV self-testing (HIVST) methods are primarily antibody-based rapid assays. To improve the effectiveness of HIV PrEP, a greater range of medications, including novel long-acting antiretroviral agents, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and other drugs, are needed. Additionally, more accessible PrEP service delivery and high-sensitivity HIV tests, especially nucleic acid-based HIVST methods, are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV PrEP and related monitoring are essential parts of HIV prevention. More effective medications will improve the effectiveness of HIV PrEP, and more accessible PrEP service delivery and high-sensitivity HIV tests, especially HIVST methods, can improve HIV prevention with PrEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaf155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:44:46Z","timestamp":1761655486000},"page":"439-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)-Associated HIV Monitoring and Self-Testing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrett","family":"Sell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Westside Family Healthcare , Wilmington, DE ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000445852","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","volume":"43","author":"German Advisory Committee Blood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1342","article-title":"Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal","volume":"22","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00085-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of three antiretroviral therapy regimens for treatment-naive African adults living with HIV-2 (FIT-2): a pilot, phase 2, non-comparative, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Eholie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B4","volume-title":"A review of human carcinogens. Part B: Biological agents","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B5"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B6","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B7","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B8","volume-title":"Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022-2030","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B9","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.24543","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV in adults: 2024 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel","volume":"333","author":"Gandhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B11","first-page":"411","article-title":"Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a thorough review, present status and future perspective as HIV therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Holec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7086","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01474-16","article-title":"Antiviral activity of bictegravir (GS-9883), a novel potent HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor with an improved resistance profile","volume":"60","author":"Tsiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205","article-title":"Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men","volume":"363","author":"Grant","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202614","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women","volume":"367","author":"Van Damme","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402269","article-title":"Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women","volume":"372","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602046","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women","volume":"375","author":"Nel","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524","article-title":"Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women","volume":"367","author":"Baeten","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31065-5","article-title":"Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (discover): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"396","author":"Mayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2591","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"321","author":"Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17025","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2020 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel","volume":"324","author":"Saag","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B21","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1343","article-title":"Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States","volume":"321","author":"Fauci","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6848e1","article-title":"Vital signs: status of human immunodeficiency virus testing, viral suppression, and HIV preexposure prophylaxis\u2014United States, 2013-2018","volume":"68","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6837a2","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in HIV preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men\u201423 urban areas, 2017","volume":"68","author":"Kanny","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506273","article-title":"On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection","volume":"373","author":"Molina","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00133-3","article-title":"Daily and on-demand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil (ANRS PREVENIR): a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101016","article-title":"Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women","volume":"385","author":"Landovitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00538-4","article-title":"Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial","volume":"399","author":"Delany-Moretlwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000899","article-title":"Why is roll-out of long-acting PrEP agents so slow?","volume":"20","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407001","article-title":"Twice-yearly lenacapavir or daily F\/TAF for HIV prevention in cisgender women","volume":"391","author":"Bekker","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411858","article-title":"Twice-yearly lenacapavir for HIV prevention in men and gender-diverse persons","volume":"392","author":"Kelley","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B32","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00768-w","article-title":"Missed opportunities for hepatitis a vaccination among MSM initiating PrEP","volume":"45","author":"Cohall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21501319221147254","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319221147254","article-title":"Primary care provider HIV PrEP knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing habits: a cross-sectional survey of late adopters in rural and suburban practice","volume":"14","author":"Sell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy099","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy099","article-title":"Provider adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis monitoring guidelines in a large primary care network","volume":"5","author":"Spinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2022.698419","article-title":"Assessing HIV preexposure prophylaxis education in a family medicine residency","volume":"54","author":"Aurora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01540-14","article-title":"Streamlining HIV testing for HIV preexposure prophylaxis","volume":"53","author":"Guanira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001577","article-title":"The effect of oral preexposure prophylaxis on the progression of HIV-1 seroconversion","volume":"31","author":"Donnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2402088","article-title":"Features of HIV infection in the context of long-acting cabotegravir preexposure prophylaxis","volume":"391","author":"Landovitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy180","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy180","article-title":"A strategy for PrEP clinicians to manage ambiguous HIV test results during follow-up visits","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26491","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26491","article-title":"HIV-1 testing in the context of expanding PrEP modalities","volume":"28","author":"Parikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02045-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02045-17","article-title":"Comparison of detection limits of fourth- and fifth-generation combination HIV antigen-antibody, p24 antigen, and viral load assays on diverse HIV isolates","volume":"56","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00053-16","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic testing: 30 years of evolution","volume":"23","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B44","author":"Star initiative, Unitaid, WHO"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21594","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21594","article-title":"Examining the effects of HIV self-testing compared to standard HIV testing services: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B46","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B47","first-page":"382","article-title":"Assessment of HIV screening tests for use in preexposure prophylaxis programs","volume":"216","author":"Delaugerre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B48","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-0508","article-title":"Blood self-sampling devices: innovation, interpretation and implementation in total lab automation","volume":"63","author":"Poland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30044-4","article-title":"Reliability of HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing compared with testing by health-care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100991","article-title":"Examining the effects of HIV self-testing compared to standard HIV testing services in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Jamil","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B52","first-page":"18","article-title":"HIV diagnostic testing: evolving technology and testing strategies","volume":"19","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B53","author":"Paul-Ehrlich-Institut"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B54","author":"OraSure Technologies I"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008132","article-title":"An evaluation of the performance of OraQuick Advance rapid HIV-1\/2 test in a high-risk population attending genitourinary medicine clinics in east London, UK","volume":"19","author":"Zelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B56","author":"Chembio Diagnostic Systems I"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001438","article-title":"Acceptability, feasibility, and accuracy of blood-based HIV self-testing: a cross-sectional study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","volume":"3","author":"Ngoc","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.012","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the point-of-care INSTI HIV-1\/2 antibody test in early and established HIV infections","volume":"91","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.08.005","article-title":"Sensitivity of a rapid point of care assay for early HIV antibody detection is enhanced by its ability to detect HIV gp41 IgM antibodies","volume":"71","author":"Moshgabadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.236.31220","article-title":"Analytical performances of Exacto\u00ae HIV self-test in the Central African republic","volume":"41","author":"Mossoro-Kpinde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa554","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa554","article-title":"Analytical performance of the Exacto test HIV self-test: a cross-sectional field study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"7","author":"Tonen-Wolyec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51641","article-title":"The acceptability and usability of two HIV self-test kits among men who have sex with men: a randomised crossover trial","volume":"217","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B63","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Laboratory-based evaluation of Wondfo HIV1\/2 rapid test kits in the Gambia, December 2020","volume":"8","author":"Mendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B64","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B65","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B66","author":"AAZ-LMB"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.05.005","article-title":"Performance of the Alere determine HIV-1\/2 Ag\/Ab combo rapid test with algorithm-defined acute HIV-1 infection specimens","volume":"104","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B68","author":"Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw666","article-title":"Time until emergence of HIV test reactivity following infection with HIV-1: implications for interpreting test results and retesting after exposure","volume":"64","author":"Delaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.019","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the FDA-approved determine HIV-1\/2 Ag\/Ab combo assay using plasma and whole blood specimens","volume":"91","author":"Masciotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.07.002","article-title":"Performance of the Alere determine HIV-1\/2 Ag\/Ab combo rapid test with specimens from HIV-1 seroconverters from the US and HIV-2 infected individuals from Ivory Coast","volume":"58","author":"Masciotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114255","article-title":"Fingerpick blood-based nucleic acid testing on a USB interfaced device towards HIV self-testing","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95799-6","article-title":"A molecular test based on RT-LAMP for rapid, sensitive and inexpensive colorimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","volume":"11","author":"Amaral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5921","article-title":"Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation","volume":"289","author":"Mori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406632","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1406632","article-title":"Advancements and applications of loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology: a comprehensive overview","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01819","article-title":"Compact point-of-care device for self-administered HIV viral load tests from whole blood","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110324","article-title":"Clinical relevance of total HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell compartments as a biomarker of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)","volume":"9","author":"Ruhanya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02034-09","article-title":"Coamplification of HIV-1 proviral DNA and viral RNA in assays used for quantification of HIV-1 RNA","volume":"48","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343588","article-title":"A dual-mode colorimetric\/photothermal lateral flow biosensor based on Au\/Ti(3)C(2)T(X) for HIV-DNA detection","volume":"1338","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102815","article-title":"Association between cellular HIV-1 DNA level and mortality in HIV-1 infected African adults starting ART with high CD4 counts","volume":"56","author":"N'Takpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030322","article-title":"A review of isothermal amplification methods and food-origin inhibitors against detecting food-borne pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00135-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00135-13","article-title":"Rapid detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA for early infant diagnosis using recombinase polymerase amplification","volume":"4","author":"Boyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03960","article-title":"Isothermal amplification with a target-mimicking internal control and quantitative lateral flow readout for rapid HIV viral load testing in low-resource settings","volume":"94","author":"Hull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000735","article-title":"The future of long-acting agents for preexposure prophylaxis","volume":"17","author":"Flexner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1713707","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1: efficacies, challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0015222","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00152-22","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives","volume":"37","author":"Mahomed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B87","author":"Schaefer"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04093-1","article-title":"The future of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention: a global qualitative consultation on provider perspectives on new products and differentiated service delivery","volume":"27","author":"Henderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2026082511164735800_hvaf155-B89","author":"CDC"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/72\/4\/439\/65728675\/hvaf155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/72\/4\/439\/65728675\/hvaf155.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:17:02Z","timestamp":1787671022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/72\/4\/439\/8363924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaf155","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}