{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T12:24:09Z","timestamp":1789302249541,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["BJ-2024-154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2024-154"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["BJ-2022-187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2022-187"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-060"]}]},{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0523703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0523703"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood group typing is essential in transfusion medicine, transplantation, and prenatal care. With the elucidation of the molecular genetics underlying blood group antigens, primarily single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), DNA-based genotyping has emerged as a powerful alternative to serological methods, enabling more accurate and comprehensive antigen prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review outlines the evolution of blood group genotyping technologies, structured around 2 main paradigms: targeted assays and comprehensive genomic approaches. Within targeted methods, throughput has progressed from low-throughput techniques (e.g., PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP]) to medium-throughput platforms (e.g., multiplex PCR with melting curve analysis) and high-throughput targeted solutions such as DNA microarrays. Comprehensive sequencing methods for high-resolution discovery, including Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nanopore sequencing, enable unbiased, genome-wide antigen profiling. Together, these techniques allow for the detection of weak and variant antigens, the resolution of serological discrepancies, and high-resolution antigen profiling. This enables the identification of low-prevalence antigens as well as clinically significant high-prevalence antigen-negative phenotypes across ethnically diverse populations. We discuss the clinical and operational advantages of genotyping in complex scenarios such as alloimmunized patients and rare blood donor identification. Furthermore, applications extend beyond transfusion to organ transplantation and noninvasive prenatal testing for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Molecular blood group genotyping offers a robust, scalable, and precise complement to serology. Integrating these technologies into routine practice enhances patient safety, optimizes blood inventory management, and contributes to broader insights into human genetic diversity. Continued technological advancements promise to further transform personalized transfusion strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvag008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T12:27:29Z","timestamp":1768307249000},"page":"729-744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancements in Blood Group Genotyping Technology and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Xinru","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana","family":"Halemubieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Department of Biotherapy Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanru","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lunan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital\/National Center of Gerontology , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]},{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,","place":["People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-833954","article-title":"Blood group genotyping","volume":"133","author":"Westhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B2","author":"ISBT"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15747","article-title":"Developments beyond blood group serology in the genomics era","volume":"184","author":"Hyland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14641","article-title":"Genotyping analysis of MNS blood group GP(B-A-B) hybrid glycophorins in the Chinese Southern Han population using a high-resolution melting assay","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Daniels G. Human blood groups: introduction","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118493595.ch1"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_914_16","article-title":"Evolution of technology for molecular genotyping in blood group systems","volume":"146","author":"Gorakshakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/345229a0","article-title":"Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system","volume":"345","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-84842000000200003","article-title":"Genotyping of Kell, Duffy, Kidd and RHD in patients with beta thalassemia","volume":"22","author":"Castilho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15425J","article-title":"ABO genotyping following a single PCR amplification","volume":"41","author":"Akane","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(00)80020-6","article-title":"An application of PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism to MN genotyping","volume":"2","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.5.1852.1852","article-title":"ABO glycosyltransferase genotyping by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers","volume":"88","author":"Gassner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.13055","article-title":"Genetic profile of RHCE, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Diego and MNS hybrid glycophorins blood groups in ethnic northeastern Thais: alleles, genotypes and risk of alloimmunisation","volume":"34","author":"Simtong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transfus Med (Oxf Engl)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(200102)22:3<418::AID-ELPS418>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"A novel technique for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms by analyzing consumed allele-specific primers","volume":"22","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B14","first-page":"519","article-title":"Genotype analysis of the JR blood group in an east Asian population using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.21307\/immunohematology-2019-511","article-title":"Blood group antigen profile predicted by molecular biology-use of real-time polymerase chain reaction to genotype important KEL, JK, RHD, and RHCE alleles","volume":"18","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunohematology"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00872.x","article-title":"FY*X real-time polymerase chain reaction with melting curve analysis associated with a complete one-step real-time FY genotyping","volume":"92","author":"Ansart-Pirenne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2022.114668","article-title":"Detection of five common variants of ABO gene by a triplex probe-based fluorescence-melting-curve-analysis","volume":"648","author":"Soejima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4230","article-title":"Noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping by microfluidics digital PCR using maternal plasma from two alloimmunized women with the variant RHD(IVS3 + 1G &gt; A) allele","volume":"33","author":"Tsui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13428","article-title":"Application of droplet digital PCR combined with TaqMan real-time PCR in Dombrock blood group genotyping in Northwest China","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01444.x","article-title":"Overcoming methodical limits of standard RHD genotyping by next-generation sequencing","volume":"100","author":"Stabentheiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2690-9_5","volume-title":"Molecular typing of blood cell antigens","author":"Meyer","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13133","article-title":"The efficacy of ethnic specific blood groups genotyping for routine donor investigation and rare donor identification in Taiwan","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B23","first-page":"193","article-title":"ABO genotyping by duplex amplification and oligonucleotide arrays assay","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15012","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a transfusion medicine genome wide genotyping array","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028902","article-title":"Array genotyping of transfusion-relevant blood cell antigens in 6946 ancestrally diverse study participants","volume":"146","author":"Gleadall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12172","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing: proof of concept for antenatal prediction of the fetal Kell blood group phenotype from cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma","volume":"53","author":"Rieneck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124579","article-title":"BOOGIE: predicting blood groups from high throughput sequencing data","volume":"10","author":"Giollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13416","article-title":"Comprehensive red blood cell and platelet antigen prediction from whole genome sequencing: proof of principle","volume":"56","author":"Lane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017007898","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing for RH genotyping and alloimmunization risk in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"1","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14054","article-title":"Evaluation of targeted exome sequencing for 28 protein-based blood group systems, including the homologous gene systems, for blood group genotyping","volume":"57","author":"Schoeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018017871","article-title":"Complete RHD next-generation sequencing: establishment of reference RHD alleles","volume":"2","author":"Tounsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15473","article-title":"Automated typing of red blood cell and platelet antigens from whole exome sequences","volume":"59","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18106","article-title":"RHCE genotyping using next generation sequencing: allele specific reference sequences","volume":"65","author":"Tounsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B34"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19674-9_2","volume-title":"Molecular pathology in clinical practice","author":"Best","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18592","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18592","article-title":"Competitive allele-specific TaqMan PCR (cast-PCR) is a sensitive, specific and fast method for BRAF V600 mutation detection in Melanoma patients","volume":"5","author":"Barbano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2016.11.002","article-title":"PCR-based detection methods for single-nucleotide polymorphism or mutation: real-time PCR and its substantial contribution toward technological refinement","volume":"80","author":"Matsuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2144\/97221pf02","article-title":"The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control","volume":"22","author":"Wittwer","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2144\/97221bi01","article-title":"Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification","volume":"22","author":"Wittwer","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202028g","article-title":"High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number","volume":"83","author":"Hindson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.268698","article-title":"Rapid RHD zygosity determination using digital PCR","volume":"63","author":"Sillence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0463-RA","article-title":"Fundamentals of pyrosequencing","volume":"137","author":"Harrington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-411-1_7","volume-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms","author":"Royo","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.1.12","article-title":"The presence of an RHD pseudogene containing a 37 base pair duplication and a nonsense mutation in Africans with the Rh D-negative blood group phenotype","volume":"95","author":"Singleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.21307\/immunohematology-2019-072","article-title":"An overview of the progenika ID CORE XT: an automated genotyping platform based on a fluidic microarray system","volume":"31","author":"Goldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunohematology"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.21307\/immunohematology-2019-075","article-title":"HEA BeadChipTM technology in immunohematology","volume":"31","author":"Paccapelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunohematology"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2316-0_13","volume-title":"Marker-assisted plant breeding: principles and practices","author":"Singh","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000218192","article-title":"The bloodgen project of the European Union, 2003\u20132009","volume":"36","author":"Avent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemotherapy"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21037\/aob-21-8","article-title":"Recent advances in blood group genotyping","volume":"6","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5463","article-title":"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors","volume":"74","author":"Sanger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012751","article-title":"Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3423","article-title":"Three decades of nanopore sequencing","volume":"34","author":"Deamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01108-x","article-title":"Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B54"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B55","first-page":"48","article-title":"Blood transfusion","volume":"36","author":"Mollison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B56","first-page":"952","article-title":"Rare blood group and its progress of research in transfusion medicine -review","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B57","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Six years\u2019 experience performing RHD genotyping to confirm D- red blood cell units in Germany for preventing anti-D immunizations","volume":"62","author":"Barriteau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00093-9","article-title":"Blood group genotyping: faster and more reliable identification of rare blood for transfusion","volume":"2","author":"Sandler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00090-3","article-title":"Integration of red cell genotyping into the blood supply chain: a population-based study","volume":"2","author":"Flegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12941","article-title":"It\u2019s time to phase in RHD genotyping for patients with a serologic weak D phenotype. College of American Pathologists Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee Work Group","volume":"55","author":"Sandler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14757","article-title":"Serological weak D phenotypes: a review and guidance for interpreting the RhD blood type using the RHD genotype","volume":"179","author":"Sandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B62","first-page":"2141","article-title":"Patients with Asian-type DEL can safely be transfused with RhD-positive blood","volume":"141","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102877","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal testing in immunohematology\u2014clinical, technical and ethical considerations","volume":"11","author":"Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e3182947ce4","article-title":"Mechanisms and prevention of alloimmunization in pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2478\/immunohematology-2024-004","article-title":"Antenatal RHD screening to guide antenatal anti-D immunoprophylaxis in non-immunized D- pregnant women","volume":"40","author":"Clausen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunohematology"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.08.017","article-title":"The use of free DNA for fetal RHD genotyping in the Rh negative pregnant patient-the time has come","volume":"232","author":"Moise","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05911","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls","volume":"447","author":"Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6812","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196812","article-title":"A validation approach for determining fetal blood groups non-invasively by high-sensitive next-generation sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Wienzek-Lischka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2022.12.017","article-title":"ABO genotyping finds more A2 to B kidney transplant opportunities than lectin-based subtyping","volume":"23","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14422","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14422","article-title":"Discrepant subtyping of blood type A2 living kidney donors: missed opportunities in kidney transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i9.985","article-title":"Is ABO blood group truly a risk factor for thrombosis and adverse outcomes?","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e534","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.534","article-title":"Genome reporting for healthy populations-pipeline for genomic screening from the GENCOV COVID-19 study","volume":"2","author":"Frangione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B73","first-page":"90","article-title":"Association of abo and Rh blood group types to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and syphilis infection, a five year' experience in healthy blood donors in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"29","author":"Batool","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2022.07.012","article-title":"Genotyping and the future of transfusion in sickle cell disease","volume":"36","author":"Karafin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19664","article-title":"Blood group genotype matching for transfusion","volume":"206","author":"Westhoff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01305.x","article-title":"Rh complexities: serology and DNA genotyping","volume":"47","author":"Westhoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"key":"2026070519520210800_hvag008-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/immunohematology-2024-002","article-title":"Impact of transcription factors KLF1 and GATA1 on red blood cell antigen expression: a review","volume":"40","author":"Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunohematology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/72\/7\/729\/66966792\/hvag008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/72\/7\/729\/66966792\/hvag008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T23:52:51Z","timestamp":1783295571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/72\/7\/729\/8489059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvag008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}}}