{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:28:15Z","timestamp":1772508495623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3180433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3180433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pinnipeds (true seals, sea lions and walruses) inhabit two thermally different environments, air and water, so need to make continuous adjustments to maintain a balanced body temperature. The thermal isolation properties of thick blubber keep warmth within the body\u2019s core, ideal for mammals while in the water; however, when on land, this thick blubber makes it difficult to lose heat. Some pinnipeds use thermal windows, discrete patches where temperature changes on their body surface, as a mechanism to dissipate excessive heat. We identify the factors that correlate with the appearance of thermal windows and changes in body surface temperature on southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, while they are hauled out ashore. Infrared thermography was used to measure surface temperature of the seals. Temperature was lower on the torso than the flippers and head, suggesting that not all body sites have the same role in thermal balance. Air temperature was the main driver of variation in the surface temperature of the seals\u2019 flippers and head; seals cool their superficial tissues when the air temperature is below ~\u20092\u00b0C. This minimizes heat loss by reducing the thermal gradient between their skin and the ambient air. Wind speed was the main predictor of whether thermal windows appear on a seals\u2019 body surface. When wind speed was minimal, thermal windows occurred more often, which may be associated with either hair and skin drying, or producing thermal conditions for hair and skin regrowth. The type of aggregation (huddled or alone) influenced the surface temperature of the fore flippers; however, we did not find statistical influence of the seal\u2019s sex, state of moult, or the substrate on which they were hauled out (kelp or sand). Understanding how animals maintain their thermal balance is important if we are to predict how they will respond to future climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T20:17:54Z","timestamp":1609445874000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Conditions influencing the appearance of thermal windows and the distribution of surface temperature in hauled-out southern elephant seals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alicia I","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Gran Breta\u00f1a 1111, Playa Ancha, Valpara\u00edso 2360102, Chile"},{"name":"N\u00facleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracey L","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, High St., Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Gran Breta\u00f1a 1111, Playa Ancha, Valpara\u00edso 2360102, Chile"},{"name":"N\u00facleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref1","first-page":"702","article-title":"Thermography of the curved living skin surface","volume":"84","author":"Ash","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.071530","article-title":"Lipid class and depth-specific thermal properties in the blubber of the short-finned pilot whale and the pygmy sperm whale","volume":"215","author":"Bagge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00022.x","article-title":"Behavioral thermoregulation of the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)","volume":"22","author":"Beentjes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref4","first-page":"253","article-title":"Lactation strategies in pinnipeds: problems for a marine mammalian group","volume-title":"Physiological strategies in lactation","author":"Bonner","year":"1984"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199911\/12)9:6<430::AID-OA512>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Archaeological evidence for the extinction of a breeding population of elephant seals in Tasmania in prehistoric times","volume":"9","author":"Bryden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref6","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00053.x","article-title":"Growth and distribution of a southern elephant seal colony","volume":"8","author":"Campagna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"2021012702551561100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2433-z","article-title":"Are southern elephant seals re-invading mid-latitude grounds? 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