{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:51:33Z","timestamp":1778698293758,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":316,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Canada Whales Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We describe a non-invasive method for profiling selected hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in killer whales (Orcinus orca) based on analysis of faecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). The method targets 21 compounds of interest including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progestogens, selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and an antibacterial\/antifungal agent. This method is suitable for routine simultaneous determination of target compounds in killer whale faecal samples as well as validation of immunoassays for the detection and measurement of steroid hormones in faeces. The optimized method involves extraction of freeze-dried faecal material with reagent alcohol and water followed by isolation of the analytes using solid phase extraction with hydrophilic\u2013lipophilic balance cartridges and liquid\u2013liquid extraction with methyl tertiary-butyl ether. Reconstituted extracts were analysed by LC\u2013MS\/MS using an electrospray ionization interface. Method limit of quantification ranged from 0.06 to 45.2\u00a0ng\/g in freeze-dried faecal samples. Except for sertraline, triclosan and estradiol (which was not recovered at the lowest spiked concentration), average intra- and inter-day precisions were within 10%, and average recoveries were between 89.3% and 129.3%, for faecal samples spiked with 5.3, 26.7 or 133\u00a0ng\/g of each analyte. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of hormones and PPCPs in whale faeces during which 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone, a common intermediate in steroid biosynthesis that cross-reacts with precursors and sulphated conjugates in immunoassays, was identified and quantified in all samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coad081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T21:23:46Z","timestamp":1699910626000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simultaneous determination of steroid hormones and pharmaceuticals in killer whale (<i>Orcinus orca<\/i>) faecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew R S","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada , 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada , 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya M","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada , 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042319571437800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2020.113607","article-title":"Measuring fecal metabolites of endogenous steroids using ESI-MS\/MS spectra in Taiwanese pangolin, (order pholidota, family manidae, genus: Manis): a non-invasive method for endangered species","volume":"299","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Comp 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