{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:17:40Z","timestamp":1787008660453,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":348,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"William and Linda Frost Fund in the Cal Poly College of Science and Mathematics, and a CSU Council on Ocean Affairs Science Technology (COAST) graduate student research award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the evolution of most marine mammals, fur as an insulator has been replaced with more buoyant, energy storing and streamlining blubber. By contrast, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) relies on insulation from its dense, air-trapping pelage, which differs morphologically between natal and adult stages. In this study, we investigated the ontogenetic changes in thermal function of southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) pelts in air, in water, and when saturated with crude oil. Pelt thermal conductivity, thickness, and thermal resistance were measured for six age classes: neonate (&amp;lt;1\u00a0month), small pup (1\u20132\u00a0months), large pup (3\u20135\u00a0months), juvenile (6\u00a0months\u20131\u00a0year), subadult (1\u20133\u00a0years), and adult (4\u20139\u00a0years). Thermal conductivity was significantly higher for pelts in air than in water, with oiled pelts exhibiting the highest values (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Oiled pelts had the lowest thermal resistance, which suggests that regardless of age, all sea otters are vulnerable to the effects of oiling (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). To scale up our laboratory findings, we used a volume-specific geometric model of conductive heat transfer for a simplified sea otter body, representing all tested age classes and treatments. Neonates, small pups, and large pups are more vulnerable to the effects of oiling compared with older age classes (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) due to a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. These results are consistent with the known thermal conductance values for adult sea otter pelts, yet this is the first time such thermal differences have been demonstrated in young otters. Overall, body size and age play a more important role in the thermal abilities of sea otters than previously thought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coad095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T03:43:38Z","timestamp":1701143018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of ontogeny and oiling on the thermal function of southern sea otter (\n                    <i>Enhydra lutris nereis<\/i>\n                    ) fur"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4934-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Riordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Department of Biological Sciences, , 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M","family":"Thometz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of San Francisco Department of Biology, , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca I","family":"Batac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center California Department of Fish and Wildlife, , 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri E","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium , 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather E M","family":"Liwanag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Department of Biological Sciences, , 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2307\/1374567","article-title":"Reappearance of the southern sea otter along the California coast","volume":"19","author":"Bolin","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/2031299a0","article-title":"Insulating capacity of the subcutaneous fat of the southern elephant seal","volume":"203","author":"Bryden","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref3","author":"California State Lands Commission","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-354","article-title":"Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris","volume":"60","author":"Costa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.57.2.30163705","article-title":"Contribution of specific dynamic action to heat balance and thermoregulation in the sea otter Enhydra lutris","volume":"57","author":"Costa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98280-9_4","volume-title":"Marine Mammals","author":"Davis","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042712501410200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-406","article-title":"The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 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