{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:47:17Z","timestamp":1753876037091,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Alaska Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We evaluated the Precision Xtra\u2122 ketometer as part of a larger study categorizing fasting status of free-ranging Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus; SSL) pups which necessitated the identification of plasma \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate concentrations ([\u03b2-HBA]) around a threshold of &amp;lt;0.3 and \u22650.3\u00a0mmol\/l. Whole blood samples mixed with sodium heparin (NaHep) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid liquid anticoagulants were tested &amp;lt;10\u00a0minutes after collection (n\u2009=\u200914; triplicate technical replicates). Plasma (stored at \u221280\u00b0C, NaHep, Thaw1) measured via our laboratory\u2019s Reference Assay (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Kit #MAK041) served as the standard [\u03b2-HBA] for ketometer comparisons. Our observed \u03b2-HBA range (0.0\u20131.6\u00a0mmol\/l), consistent with published [\u03b2-HBA] of free-ranging Otariid pups, represented the lower 20% of the ketometer\u2019s range (0.0\u20138.0\u00a0mmol\/l). The maximal coefficient of variation (%CV) of ketometer technical replicates was 9.1% (NaHep, whole blood). The majority of ketometer technical replicate sets (84%, including all matrices, anticoagulants and thawings) were identical (CV\u2009=\u20090%). We found linear relationships and agreement of ketometer [\u03b2-HBA] between whole blood preserved with different anticoagulants and between whole blood and plasma (Thaw1) measurements. The ketometer produced results with linearity to the Reference Assay for both whole blood and plasma (Thaw1). We identified a non-linear relationship between plasma at Thaw1 and Thaw2 (tested four months apart, NaHep), as only samples with higher SSL [\u03b2-HBA] decreased in concentration, and all others remained the same. With respect to categorizing SSL pup fasting in our larger study, the ketometer\u2019s %Accuracy, %Sensitivity and %Specificity for samples with Reference Assay \u03b2-HBA &amp;lt;0.2 and\u2009&amp;gt;0.4\u00a0mmol\/l were 100%. We adopted a modified procedure: plasma samples with mean ketometer concentrations \u00b10.1\u00a0mmol\/l of 0.3\u00a0mmol\/l \u03b2-HBA were re-evaluated using the Reference Assay, improving measurement precision from tenths (ketometer) to thousandths (assay) mmol\/l. The Precision Xtra\u2122 ketometer was valuable to our application over the range of [\u03b2-HBA] observed in SSL pup plasma and whole blood samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coad104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:12:43Z","timestamp":1706515963000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary comparisons between a point-of-care ketometer and reference method using Steller sea lion pup whole blood and plasma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9140-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie G","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alaska Fairbanks Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Northern Engineering, , 1764 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montana Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, , 101 McGill Hall, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorrie D","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute of Northern Engineering, , 1764 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"XLSTAT Statistical and Data Analysis Solution","year":"2023","author":"Addinsoft","key":"2024030317072081600_ref1"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00339-7","article-title":"Fasting metabolism in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups","volume":"129","author":"Arnould","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9136","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11077","article-title":"Technical note: comparison of 4 electronic handheld meters for diagnosing hyperketonemia in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Bach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref4","first-page":"48","article-title":"Part 1: simple definition and calculation of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity","volume":"3","author":"Bartaloo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg (Tehran)"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2011.010","article-title":"Comparison of methods: Passing and Bablok regression","volume":"21","author":"Bili\u0107-Zulle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-A-194.1","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Russia","volume":"92","author":"Burkanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref7","first-page":"187","article-title":"Test comparison of Precision Xtra and Ketostix for ketosis in dairy cows","volume":"41","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref8","first-page":"254","article-title":"Relationship between KetoTest results and health and reproduction variables: a retrospective study using data from herd health visits in private practice","volume":"40","author":"Caldwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 40th Conf Am Assoc Bov Pract"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref9","first-page":"R1086","article-title":"Relationships between plasma ketones and fasting duration in neonatal elephant seals","volume":"259","author":"Castellini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00446.x","article-title":"Blood chemistries and body condition of Steller sea lion pups at Marmot Island, Alaska","volume":"9","author":"Castellini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar Mamm Sci"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01920242","article-title":"The biochemistry of natural fasting at its limits","volume":"48","author":"Castellini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024030317072081600_ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fasting durations of Steller sea lion pups vary among subpopulations\u2013evidence from two plasma metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Crawford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cons Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.001","article-title":"Bland-Altman analysis: a paradigm to understand correlation and agreement","volume":"18","author":"Dogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref14","first-page":"114","article-title":"Blood ketone levels of young postpartum range cows increased after supplementation ceased","volume":"87","author":"Endecott","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1590\/s1519-99402017000300004","article-title":"Accuracy of two hand-held electronic devices for determination of blood \u03b2\u2013hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows","volume":"18","author":"Fiorentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Prod Anim"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0187.1","article-title":"Intraperitoneal dextrose administration as an alternative emergency treatment for hypoglycemic yearling California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)","volume":"47","author":"Fravel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2016.31302","article-title":"Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows","volume":"31","author":"Ghanem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benha Vet Med J"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman analysis","volume":"25","author":"Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2003.11.006","article-title":"Change in plasma cortisol and metabolites during the attendance period ashore in fasting lactating subantarctic fur seals","volume":"137","author":"Guinet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.2.206","article-title":"Isoflurane anesthesia in free ranging sea lion pups","volume":"33","author":"Heath","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.12.016","article-title":"Body condition and endocrine profiles of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups during the early postnatal period","volume":"184","author":"Keogh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0891-x","article-title":"Serum chemistry reference ranges for Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups from Alaska: stock differentiation and comparisons within a North Pacific sentinel species","volume":"10","author":"Lander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12643","article-title":"Measuring ketones in the field: rapid and reliable measures of B-hydroxybutyrate in birds","volume":"161","author":"Lindholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2010.05376.x","article-title":"Linear regression analysis for comparing two measures or methods of measurement: but which regression?","volume":"37","author":"Ludbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1644\/05-MAMM-A-163R2.1","article-title":"Interseasonal and interannual measures of maternal care among individual Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)","volume":"87","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0724-3","article-title":"Refeeding syndrome in the critically ill: a literature review and clinician\u2019s guide","volume":"21","author":"McKnight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119036708.ch25","volume-title":"Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners","author":"McRuer","year":"2019","edition":"First Edition"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12493","article-title":"Characterization of the analytic performance of an electrochemical point-of-care-meter for measuring \u03b2-hydryoxybutyrate concentration in blood and plasma from periparturient dairy cattle","volume":"46","author":"Megahed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-008","article-title":"Maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from stable and declining populations in Alaska","volume":"81","author":"Milette","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2019.110594","article-title":"Point-of-care blood analyzers measure the nutritional state of eighteen free-living bird species","volume":"240","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20084432","article-title":"Evaluation of a hand-held meter for cowside evaluation of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations","volume":"41","author":"Oetzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 41st Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.06.019","article-title":"Evaluation of the Precision Xceed\u00ae for on-site monitoring of blood \u03b2\u2013hydroxybutyric acid and glucose concentrations in dairy sheep","volume":"93","author":"Panousis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.14839","article-title":"Evaluation of Precision Xceed\u00ae for on-site monitoring of blood \u03b2\u2013hydroxybutyric acid and glucose in dairy cows","volume":"62","author":"Panousis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hellenic Vet Med Soc"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref34","first-page":"197","article-title":"Evaluation of a portable ketometer for on-site monitoring of blood \u03b2\u2013hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy sheep and goats","volume":"169","author":"Panousis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e8d V\u00e8t"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.1983.21.11.709","article-title":"A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, part I","volume":"21","author":"Passing","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref36","first-page":"431","article-title":"Comparison for several regression procedures for method comparison studies and determination of sample sizes: application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry part II","volume":"21","author":"Passing","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1086\/597528","article-title":"Seasonal differences in biochemical adaptation to fasting in juvenile and subadult Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)","volume":"82","author":"Rea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)10074-0","article-title":"Health status of young Alaska Steller sea lion pups (Eumetopias jubatus) as indicated by blood chemistry and hematology","volume":"120","author":"Rea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-007","article-title":"Metabolic response to fasting in 6-week-old Steller sea lion pups (Eumetopias jubatus)","volume":"78","author":"Rea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0278915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278915","article-title":"The Bland-Altman method should not be used when one of the two measurement methods has negligible measurement errors","volume":"17","author":"Taff\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref41","first-page":"R929","article-title":"Hormonal responses to extreme fasting in subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pups","volume":"302","author":"Verrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol- Reg I"},{"key":"2024030317072081600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.53607\/wrb.v24.187","article-title":"When food can be fatal: recovery from emaciation","volume":"24","author":"Winn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Conservation Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/coad104\/56817879\/coad104.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/coad104\/56817879\/coad104.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T17:07:54Z","timestamp":1709485674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/conphys\/coad104\/7590388"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coad104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1434"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2051-1434"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"article-number":"coad104"}}