{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1792020284813,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Much progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a devastating disease that has impacted North American hibernating bats for nearly two decades. Growth of the causative fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, on exposed epidermal tissue of bats creates an immune reaction that disrupts natural hibernation physiology and leads to premature expenditure of energy reserves and often death. Past work has highlighted the similarities between WNS and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, but other conditions that have not been considered yet may also be relevant. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of wing tissue from na\u00efve and exposed bats to further investigate the implications of observed differential gene expression patterns. For this analysis, we collected wing biopsy samples from 41 individuals prior to WNS emergence and 58 individuals 2\u20135\u00a0years after WNS emergence. We generated poly-A enriched tag-Seq libraries to compare gene expression between these groups. We then linked our findings and those of past studies to other disease systems to build hypotheses regarding mechanisms of WNS pathophysiology. We found an overrepresentation of functions related to programmed cell death and cytokine activity among upregulated genes. Importantly, we also identified upregulation of three S100 damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in exposed populations. Taken together, our findings and those of past studies suggest that infected bats experience a feedback loop of cell death among immune cells, the release of DAMPs and the stimulation of cytokine release that may act to maintain pathological immune activity. This feedback loop likely relates to cytokine storms in individuals with severe infection and possibly deteriorates into sepsis over time. Given the pathophysiology of sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction potentially contributes to the physiological disruption associated with WNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaf040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:45:46Z","timestamp":1751384746000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptomic evidence of cytokine storm and sepsis in little brown bats exposed to white-nose syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Robert E","family":"Kwait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan A","family":"Eskew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin L","family":"Pinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz , 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Gignoux-Wolfsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell , 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA 01854 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J","family":"Vonhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and School of Environment, Geography, and Sustainability, Western Michigan University , 1903 W Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Maslo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070111442639000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2018.03.206","article-title":"Electrolyte abnormalities in neonates with probable and culture-proven sepsis and its association with neonatal mortality","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2025070111442639000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2014a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing 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