{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:30:00Z","timestamp":1785209400425,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":99,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAIN 2122888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAIN 2122888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessment of large whale physiological response and resiliency to environmental change requires information about historical baseline physiological data to compare with current trends. Multi-year studies of historic and modern individual bowhead whales are possible by utilizing baleen, a keratin matrix tissue that captures a time series of physiological data across multiple years. We assessed six hormones in bowhead baleen informative of stress, reproduction, and metabolism: corticosterone, cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and dehydroepiandrosterone (and its sulfated form, collectively DHEA(S)). We also performed assay validations for DHEA(S), as this hormone has not been assessed in keratin. Through examination of longitudinal endocrine profiles of two adult males and two adult females with data from the 1940\u2019s-1960\u2019s, a period of relative Arctic climatic stability, we determined that reproductive cycles could be identified in adult bowhead whale baleen more than sixty years old. Testosterone cycling was observed in males while three putative pregnancies, and a fourth confirmed pregnancy, were observed in females. Strong correlations were observed between DHEA(S) and testosterone in males and pregnant females. Pregnancy displayed the strongest correlations among hormones, indicating that pregnancy is likely a form of physiological stressor that should be controlled for when studying adrenal hormones. However, in non-pregnant females, cortisol was strongly negatively correlated with progesterone and testosterone, indicating that physiological stress may influence ovarian cycling and\/or likelihood of future pregnancy. Our findings underscore the importance of utilizing museum specimens to establish historical baselines, as well the value of panels of multiple hormones (representing different physiological axes) when assessing multiple stressors in free-ranging wildlife. Understanding how age, sex, and life-history stage (e.g. pregnancy) influence those hormone patterns is useful for addressing greater conservation-relevant questions, particularly related to environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:48:30Z","timestamp":1773838110000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["What normal used to be: Longitudinal adrenal, reproductive, and thyroid hormone profiles from four bowhead whales during a period of Arctic stability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jelincic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy , 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 20030 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Marine Mammal Institute , Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR 97365 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University , Department of Biological Sciences, 617 S Beaver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life , New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ursinus College , Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, 601 E Main St, Collegeville, PA 19426 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Pt. Lena Loop Rd, Juneau, AK 99801,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela M D","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University , Department of Biological Sciences, 617 S Beaver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences , S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-090, SP ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3301-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyson","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison , 122 Science Hall, 550 North Park St, Madison, WI 53706 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Lysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life , New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"New","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ursinus College , Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, 601 E Main St, Collegeville, PA 19426 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C Loren","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University , Department of Biological Sciences, 617 S Beaver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9138-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen E","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Institute , Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport, OR 97365 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation , 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"George Mason University, Department of Biology , 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041219081290700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019286","article-title":"Chronic and acute stress interrelationship: corticosterone response","volume":"13","author":"Armario","year":"1981","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2026041219081290700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-015-0901-0","article-title":"Stress physiology in marine mammals: how well do they fit the terrestrial model?","volume":"185","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026041219081290700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac5f92","article-title":"Centennial-scale variability of sea-ice cover in the Chukchi Sea since AD 1850 based on biomarker reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"2026041219081290700_ref7","first-page":"411","article-title":"An adrenal-secreted \u201candrogen\u201d: dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. 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