{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:52:09Z","timestamp":1790995929039,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Navy\u2019s Living Marine Resources Program","award":["N39430-25-C-2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N39430-25-C-2006"]}]},{"name":"United States Pacific Fleet Environmental Readiness Division","award":["W9126G2220033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W9126G2220033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-24-12454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-24-12454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-22-1-2721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-22-1-2721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-20-12624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-20-12624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DoD\u2019s Defence University Research Instrumentation Program","award":["N00014-21-1-2249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-21-1-2249"]}]},{"name":"DoD\u2019s Defence University Research Instrumentation Program","award":["N00014-19-1-2612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-1-2612"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005199","name":"Marine Mammal Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMC22-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMC22-059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Foundation","award":["21-10-B-334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-10-B-334"]}]},{"name":"The University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, NOAA","award":["NA19NMF4720181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19NMF4720181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantifying energy expenditure of cetacean mother\u2013calf pairs is essential for modelling population-level responses to environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance, especially for capital breeders where mothers face the compounding demands of fasting while lactating. Technological advances in biologging and unoccupied aerial system (UAS; drone) photogrammetry help overcome challenges in translating respirometry methods from animals under human care to the field, creating better energy-use estimates in large cetaceans. We quantified energy expenditure of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) mothers and calves on their winter breeding ground in Hawai\u02bbi using 51 biologging suction-cup tag deployments paired with simultaneous UAS-photogrammetric measurements (n\u2009=\u200920 mothers, n\u2009=\u200931 calves) from 2020 to 2025. We used two independent methods, Thrust Power and Breathing Frequency, to calculate per-second energy expenditure, divided deployments into resting dives and other behavioural states and modelled state-specific energy use and daily energy expenditure for mothers and calves. Calves spent more time in resting dives as they aged, and energy expenditure was on average 44% and 35% lower during resting dives for mothers and calves, respectively, compared to other behaviour. Simulated daily energy expenditure for calves ranged from 92\u00a0MJ for the smallest and youngest (3.5\u00a0m, 1\u00a0day) to 452\u00a0MJ for the largest and oldest (7.7\u00a0m, 110\u00a0days), and for mothers from 817\u00a0MJ for small females (10\u00a0m, 15\u2009000\u00a0kg) to 2013\u00a0MJ for large females (14\u00a0m, 50\u2009000\u00a0kg). To illustrate the conservation implications of these energy savings, we simulated the energetic cost of vessel-disturbance-induced reductions in resting behaviour for a representative mother\u2013calf pair. Under a realistic daytime disturbance scenario, daily pair energy expenditure increased by 64\u00a0MJ\u00a0day\u22121, accumulating to an additional 150\u00a0kg of maternal blubber catabolized over 60\u00a0days of disturbance. Our findings provide best estimates of humpback whale mother\u2013calf daily and behavioural state-specific energy expenditure, enabling improved quantification of the energetic consequences of disturbance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:08:14Z","timestamp":1783436894000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Energetic benefits of resting behaviour in humpback whale mother\u2013calf pairs revealed by biologging and UAS-photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2543-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusta","family":"Hollers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T","family":"Gough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University , 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"van Aswegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Alaska Whale Foundation , PO Box 1927, Petersburg, AK 99833 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens J","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawai\u02bbi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa , 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI 96744 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Pacific Whale Foundation , 300 Ma\u2019alaea Road, Suite 211, Wailuku, HI 96793 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M","family":"Blawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University , 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic , Carrer d\u2019Eduardo Primo Yu\u0301fera, 1B, 46013 Val\u00e8ncia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"IFM, Link\u00f6ping University , Olaus Magnus v\u00e4g, 583 30 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Global Diving Research SL , 46004 Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A","family":"Goldbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University , 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 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