{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:03:07Z","timestamp":1787659387314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":231,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The many invertebrates and reptiles of the shifting-sand deserts, and their rare mammals, live in and on the sand. Their conservation requires a thorough understanding of the physiological mechanisms that not only enable them to function, but that may buffer them against future change. The almost-spherical shape of the aeolian sand grains of shifting-sand deserts enables gas diffusion from the surface to maintain a normoxic environment deep in the sand, with sufficient volume to sustain sand-swimming animals, even the mammals. In the resource-poor desert landscapes, cellulose is the dominant source of metabolic energy for herbivores, much of it contained in detritus that can originate hundreds of kilometres from the desert. Carnivores and omnivores consume mainly detritivores, with termites often contributing substantially to their diets. Many animals of shifting-sand deserts manage their body water by the acquisition of metabolic and preformed water, balanced against limited loss of body water via integument, excreta and respiration. Those that do drink usually use droplets from fog or dew. Some small invertebrates extract water vapour from unsaturated air. The animals have evolved mechanisms to counteract osmotic shock when they consume pure water that can constitute more than 40% of body mass in a single drink. In a companion review, we discuss how the animals move and how they cope with potentially lethal desert heat and cold in and on the sand. We need to conserve their fortresses in the sand, and, anomalously, it is food, not water, that requires attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:55:35Z","timestamp":1784807735000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiology and the future of animals in shifting-sand deserts: respiration, energetics and water balance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School , 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K","family":"Seely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"55 Libertina Amathila Avenue , Swakopmund ,","place":["Namibia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane K","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School , 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, WA ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(01)00128-7","article-title":"Revisiting water loss in insects: a large scale view","volume":"47","author":"Addo-Bediako","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2005.09.004","article-title":"Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments\u2014a review","volume":"65","author":"Agam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.53.3.573","article-title":"The control of water loss in desert tenebrionid beetles","volume":"53","author":"Ahearn","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-023-02000-5","article-title":"Geotechnical insights of mammal burrows in loose desert sand","volume":"19","author":"Akin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Geotech"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/1931468","article-title":"Relative humidity or vapor pressure deficit","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376899","article-title":"Contrasts in energy intake and expenditure in sit-and-wait and widely foraging lizards","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref7","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Adaptations to Extreme Environments: 8th Conference of the European Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry (ESCP), Strasbourg, August\/September 1986","author":"Ar","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref8","first-page":"203","article-title":"Changes in rainfall and biomass in the Namib Sand Sea dune ecosystem over 52 years","volume":"63","author":"Aushiku","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Namibia Sci Soc"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref9","first-page":"66","article-title":"Sources of water supply for desert animals","volume":"17","author":"Bailey","year":"1923","journal-title":"Sci Mon"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref10","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1964"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685208","article-title":"Energetics of locomotion and patterns of respiration in tenebrionid beetles from the Namib Desert","volume":"155","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13156","article-title":"The cryptonephridial\/rectal complex: an evolutionary adaptation for water and ion conservation","volume":"100","author":"Beaven","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2307\/1446755","article-title":"Locomotor performance and activity energetics of helodermatid lizards","volume":"1995","author":"Beck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359024700572","article-title":"Pallas\u2019 spadefoot toad, Pelobates vespertinus (Pallas 1771) (Amphibia, Pelobatidae), the second amphibian species to tolerate extreme hypoxia","volume":"51","author":"Berman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2307\/1445009","article-title":"Phylogenetic distribution of the urinary bladder in lizards","volume":"1986","author":"Beuchat","year":"1986","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(95)00015-J","article-title":"The formation of dew","volume":"39","author":"Beysens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1536588","article-title":"Respiratory metabolism: physiological studies on respiratory metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Bodine","year":"1925","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(75)90194-X","article-title":"Osmoregulation and pituitary-adrenal function in desert reptiles","volume":"25","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31703-8","article-title":"Dew, fog and hygroscopic food as a source of water for desert arthropods","volume":"2","author":"Broza","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref20","first-page":"868","article-title":"Osmoregulation in the desert tenebrionid beetle Trachyderma philistina Reiche during dehydration and subsequent hydration","volume":"12","author":"Broza","year":"1976","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref21","volume-title":"Animal Life in Deserts: A Study of the Fauna in Relation to the Environment","author":"Buxton","year":"1923"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JG000344","article-title":"Relative humidity patterns and fog water precipitation in the Atacama Desert and biological implications","volume":"112","author":"C\u00e1ceres","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Geophys Res G: Biogeosci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246129","article-title":"Prey consumption does not restore hydration state but mitigates the energetic costs of water deprivation in an insectivorous lizard","volume":"226","author":"Chabaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2307\/1446719","article-title":"Water, energy, and electrolyte balance in captive Namib sand-dune lizards (Angolosaurus skoogi)","volume":"1994","author":"Clarke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref26","first-page":"225","article-title":"Ecophysiology of desert animals","volume":"15","author":"Cloudsley-Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Qatar Univ Sci J"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148791","article-title":"Cutaneous water collection by a moisture-harvesting lizard, the thorny devil (Moloch horridus)","volume":"219","author":"Comanns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref28","first-page":"231","article-title":"Thermoregulation and energetics in subterranean mammals","volume":"335","author":"Contreras","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106192","article-title":"Biological mechanisms matter in contemporary wildlife conservation","volume":"26","author":"Cooke","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cot001","article-title":"What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science","volume":"1","author":"Cooke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1086\/421750","article-title":"Termite digestibility and water and energy contents determine the water economy index of numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) and other myrmecophages","volume":"77","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.58.4.30156020","article-title":"Seasonal changes in water budgets in two free-ranging tenebrionid beetles, Eleodes armata and Cryptoglossa verrucosa","volume":"58","author":"Cooper","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2307\/1445819","article-title":"Water balance and bladder function in the Namib Desert sand dune lizard, Aporosaura anchietae (Lacertidae)","volume":"1990","author":"Cooper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref34","first-page":"5","article-title":"A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles","volume":"83","author":"Cowles","year":"1944","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31702-6","article-title":"Desert detritivores: a review of life history patterns and trophic roles","volume":"2","author":"Crawford","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31081-4","article-title":"Nutrition and habitat selection in desert detritivores","volume":"14","author":"Crawford","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30685-2","article-title":"Animal adaptations and ecological processes in desert dunefields","volume":"21","author":"Crawford","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900020397","article-title":"Desert ecosystems: their resources in space and time","volume":"9","author":"Crawford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ Conserv"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref39","first-page":"170","article-title":"Decomposition in arid environments: role of the detritivore gut","volume":"80","author":"Crawford","year":"1984","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01921517","article-title":"Respiratory alkalosis in a panting lizard (Sauromalus obesus)","volume":"30","author":"Crawford","year":"1974","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233228","article-title":"The dietary spectrum of the Namib Desert dune ant Camponotus detritus","volume":"32","author":"Curtis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Insectes Soc"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref42","first-page":"443","volume-title":"Osmotic and Ionic Regulation: Cells and Animals","author":"Dantzler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R197","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1980.239.3.R197","article-title":"Comparative nephron function in reptiles, birds, and mammals","volume":"239","author":"Dantzler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.04.014","article-title":"Temporal niche switching in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx): seasonal plasticity of 24 h activity patterns in a large desert mammal","volume":"177","author":"Davimes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.003061","article-title":"The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Gila suspectum","volume":"210","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30900-5","article-title":"What's special about the physiological ecology of desert organisms?","volume":"17","author":"Dawson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247685","article-title":"Bridging the divide in organismal physiology: a case for the integration of behaviour as a physiological process","volume":"227","author":"Debaere","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2307\/2389750","article-title":"The effect of slope direction and population density on water influx in a desert snail, Trochoidea Seetzenii","volume":"6","author":"Degen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref49","first-page":"56","article-title":"Skin resistance to evaporative water loss in reptiles: a physiological adaptive mechanism to environmental stress or a phyletically dictated trait?","volume":"47","author":"Dmi\u2019el","year":"2001","journal-title":"Isr J Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/geoa.12028","article-title":"The surface geology and geomorphology around Gobabeb, Namib Desert","volume":"95","author":"Eckardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Namibia Geogr Ann A Phys Geogr"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1944-6_10","volume-title":"Rodents in Desert Environments","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fog research","volume":"139","author":"Eugster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Erde"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04313.x","article-title":"Feeding ecology and foraging behaviour of the Namib Desert golden mole, Eremitalpa granti namibensis (Chrysochloridae)","volume":"220","author":"Fielden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(90)90070-9","article-title":"Water metabolism in the Namib Desert golden mole, Eremitalpa granti namibensis (Chrysochloridae)","volume":"96","author":"Fielden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30856-5","article-title":"Thermoregulation in the Namib Desert golden mole, Eremitalpa granti namibensis (Chrysochloridae)","volume":"18","author":"Fielden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref56","first-page":"65","article-title":"Biology of the central desert of Oman","volume":"28","author":"Ghazanfar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Turk J Bot"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1643\/CP-13-086","article-title":"Life in the lizard slow lane: Gila monsters have low rates of energy use and water flux","volume":"2014","author":"Gienger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1086\/432144","article-title":"The integration of behaviour into comparative physiology","volume":"78","author":"Gilmour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00164-2","article-title":"Metabolic implications of a \u2018run now, pay later\u2019 strategy in lizards: an analysis of post-exercise oxygen consumption","volume":"133","author":"Gleeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0444","article-title":"Passive water harvesting by desert plants and animals: lessons from nature","volume":"378","author":"Gurera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos Trans Roy Soc Ser A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref61","first-page":"11","article-title":"Adaptational biology of desert scorpions","volume":"2","author":"Hadley","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Arachnol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/1308782","article-title":"Productivity of desert ecosystems","volume":"31","author":"Hadley","year":"1981","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref63","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Environmental Physiology of Desert Organisms","author":"Hamilton","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/262284a0","article-title":"Fog basking by the Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis","volume":"262","author":"Hamilton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1997.0316","article-title":"Psammophily in Namib Desert spiders","volume":"37","author":"Henschel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.11.015","article-title":"Ecophysiology of atmospheric moisture in the Namib Desert","volume":"87","author":"Henschel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-010-0480-z","article-title":"Variation in the daily rhythm of body temperature of free-living Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx): does water limitation drive heterothermy?","volume":"180","author":"Hetem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2012.04.005","article-title":"Activity re-assignment and microclimate selection of free-living Arabian oryx: responses that could minimise the effects of climate change on homeostasis?","volume":"115","author":"Hetem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4236\/acs.2012.24047","article-title":"Measurements of fog water deposition on the California central coast","volume":"02","author":"Hiatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"AtmosClim Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref70","first-page":"37","article-title":"Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of the Namib Desert golden mole Eremitalpa granti namibensis Bauer & Niethammer 1959","volume":"1971","author":"Holm","year":"1971","journal-title":"Sci Pap Namib Desert Res Stat"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2307\/1934373","article-title":"Daily activity of Namib Desert arthropods in relation to climate","volume":"54","author":"Holm","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199296545.001.0001","volume-title":"Animal Athletes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach","author":"Irschick","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14438","article-title":"Water loss, not overheating, limits the activity period of an endothermic Sonoran Desert bee","volume":"37","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2025.123242","article-title":"Extreme temperatures can intensify predator\u2013prey interactions","volume":"225","author":"Juillard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref75","first-page":"221","article-title":"Flightlessness and rapid terrestrial locomotion in tiger beetles of the Cicindela L. subgenus Rivacindela van Nidek from saline habitats of Australia (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)","volume":"50","author":"Kamoun","year":"1996","journal-title":"Coleopt Bull"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0328-9","article-title":"A method for direct assessment of the \u201cnon rainfall\u201d atmospheric water cycle: input and evaporation from the soil","volume":"169","author":"Kaseke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12020","article-title":"Balancing heat, water and nutrients under environmental change: a thermodynamic niche framework","volume":"27","author":"Kearney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00043-X","article-title":"Altitude dependent dew and fog in the Negev Desert, Israel","volume":"96","author":"Kidron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2121","article-title":"Measurements and ecological implications of non-rainfall water in desert ecosystems\u2014a review","volume":"12","author":"Kidron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref80","first-page":"145","article-title":"Climate of the central Namib Desert","volume":"1984","author":"Lancaster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Madoqua"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2307\/1442100","article-title":"Condensation as a mechanism for water gain in nocturnal desert poikilotherms","volume":"1969","author":"Lasiewski","year":"1969","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref82","first-page":"233","article-title":"The sand-dune fauna of the Namib Desert","volume":"55","author":"Lawrence","year":"1959","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13355","article-title":"A worldwide and annotated database of evaporative water loss rates in squamate reptiles","volume":"30","author":"Le Galliard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0099","article-title":"Climate change, drought and desertification","volume":"34","author":"Le Hou\u00e9rou","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243877","article-title":"Evaporative cooling via panting and its metabolic and water balance costs for lizards in the American Southwest","volume":"226","author":"Loughran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref86","first-page":"119","article-title":"Water economy of certain Namib Desert animals","volume":"67","author":"Louw","year":"1971","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref87","first-page":"67","article-title":"Physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations of the ultrapsammophilous, Namib Desert lizard Aporosaura anchietae (Bocage)","volume":"1","author":"Louw","year":"1972","journal-title":"Madoqua"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.120.1.443","article-title":"Respiration beneath desert sand: carbon dioxide diffusion and respiratory patterns in a tenebrionid beetle","volume":"120","author":"Louw","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.10.3.30151417","article-title":"The effect of different relative humidities on respiratory metabolism and survival of the grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata De Geer","volume":"10","author":"Ludwig","year":"1937","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-018-0303-2","article-title":"Geotourism development in world heritage of the Lut Desert","volume":"11","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172490","article-title":"Undulatory swimming in sand : Subsurface locomotion of the sandfish lizard","volume":"5","author":"Maladen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104702","article-title":"Origin and early evolution of vertebrate burrowing behaviour","volume":"250","author":"Marchetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth-Science Rev"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2008.16506.x","article-title":"Can seed-eating birds exert top-down effects on grasses of the Monte Desert?","volume":"117","author":"Marone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19480006","article-title":"The digestibility and absorption of the calories, proteins, purines, fat and calcium in wholemeal wheaten bread","volume":"2","author":"McCance","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161661","article-title":"Why do mammals hop? Understanding the ecology, biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping","volume":"221","author":"McGowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12313","article-title":"\u201cMetabolic switch\u201d for desert survival","volume":"91","author":"Merkt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref96","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Plant Defenses Against Mammalian Herbivory","author":"Meyer","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2996","article-title":"Fog and fauna of the Namib Desert: past and future","volume":"11","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246481","article-title":"Measurement of microclimates in a warming world: problems and solutions","volume":"227","author":"Mitchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag057","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref100","first-page":"201","article-title":"On the biology of the lizard Angolosaurus skoogi in the Namib Desert","volume":"1987","author":"Mitchell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Madoqua"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12818","article-title":"Revisiting concepts of thermal physiology: predicting responses of mammals to climate change","volume":"87","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp005009","article-title":"A method for the calculation of metabolic water","volume":"122","author":"Morrison","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2307\/2937381","article-title":"Granivory in arid regions: comparison of Australia with north and South America","volume":"66","author":"Morton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(72)90147-8","article-title":"Water loss in five species of lizards","volume":"43","author":"Munsey","year":"1972","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2014-0086","article-title":"The actively foraging desert lizard Pedioplanis husabensis (Husab sand lizard) behaviorally optimizes its energetic economy","volume":"92","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.09.006","article-title":"Low field metabolic rates for geckos of the genus Rhoptropus may not be surprising","volume":"113","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/1942620","article-title":"Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds","volume":"57","author":"Nagy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ecol monogr"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31088-7","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of water and energy balance in desert vertebrates","volume":"14","author":"Nagy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9940043","article-title":"Field bioenergetics of mammals-what determines field metabolic rates","volume":"42","author":"Nagy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2004.08.054","article-title":"Water economy of free-living desert animals","volume":"1275","author":"Nagy","year":"2004","journal-title":"In Int Congr Ser"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2307\/2389535","article-title":"Water and energy balance in Namibian desert sand-dune lizards Angolosaurus skoogi (Andersson, 1916)","volume":"5","author":"Nagy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref112","volume-title":"Scaling of Water Flux Rate in Animals","author":"Nagy","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.10.110179.001413","article-title":"Adaptive convergence and divergence of subterranean mammals","volume":"10","author":"Nevo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1984.11447872","article-title":"Ecological correlates of locomotion speed, morphometries and body temperature in three Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles","volume":"19","author":"Nicolson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Afr Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref115","first-page":"50","article-title":"Investigation of the potential of fogwater harvesting in the western mountainous parts of Yemen","volume":"25","author":"Noman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arab Gulf J Sci Res"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2307\/1441397","article-title":"The burrowing of the western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis Hallowell, and the undersand environment","volume":"1966","author":"Norris","year":"1966","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.05.024","article-title":"Advancing biocrust detection: integrating the new satellite cellulose absorption index (SCAI) with phycobilin-and chlorophyll-based spectral indices in the Namib Desert","volume":"226","author":"Noy","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242358","article-title":"A perspective on insect water balance","volume":"225","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73375-8_2","volume-title":"Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coad068","article-title":"Temminck\u2019s pangolins relax the precision of body temperature regulation when resources are scarce in a semi-arid environment","volume":"11","author":"Panaino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2011.00889.x","article-title":"Diet and prey selection of the southern marsupial mole: an enigma from Australia's sand deserts","volume":"287","author":"Pavey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600048231","article-title":"Gas and vapour movements in the soil: II. The diffusion of carbon dioxide through porous solids","volume":"30","author":"Penman","year":"1940","journal-title":"J Agric Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400886142","volume-title":"Ecology and Natural History of Desert Lizards","author":"Pianka","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379909","article-title":"Lizard herbivory in a sand dune environment: the diet of Angolosaurus skoogi","volume":"70","author":"Pietruszka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.02.064","article-title":"Burrowing facilitated the survival of mammals in harsh and fluctuating climates","volume":"35","author":"Pinkert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1201\/9781498782739-12","volume-title":"Lizard Behavior: Evolutionary and Mechanistic Perspectives","author":"Pirtle","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247988","article-title":"The energetics of movement, from exercise to ecology and evolution","volume":"228","author":"Pontzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(69)91797-6","article-title":"Physiological aspects of the burrowing of sand lizards (Uma, Iguanidae) and other lizards","volume":"31","author":"Pough","year":"1969","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2006.00704.x","article-title":"Habitat use by radio-tagged Namib Desert golden moles (Eremitalpa granti namibensis)","volume":"45","author":"Rathbun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1970.tb01631.x","article-title":"The biology and comparative physiology of thermal panting","volume":"45","author":"Richards","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30854-1","article-title":"Summer field energetics of the Namib Desert dune lizard Aporosaura anchietae (Lacertidae), and its relation to reproduction","volume":"18","author":"Robinson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31647-1","article-title":"Physical and biotic environments of the southern Namib dune ecosystem","volume":"3","author":"Robinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12184","article-title":"Sand grain size composition influences subsurface oxygen diffusion and distribution of an endemic, psammophilic lizard","volume":"295","author":"Ryberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1647","article-title":"Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem","volume":"286","author":"Sagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2009.00176.x","article-title":"Physiological adaptations of small mammals to desert ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344858","article-title":"Irregular fog as a water source for desert dune beetles","volume":"42","author":"Seely","year":"1979","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref137","first-page":"298","article-title":"Ecology of a living desert: twenty years of research in the Namib","volume":"75","author":"Seely","year":"1979","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref138","first-page":"157","volume-title":"New Trends in Soil Biology: Proceedings of the 8th International Colloquium of Soil Zoology","author":"Seely","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref139","volume-title":"Namib Sand Sea World Heritage Nomination","author":"Seely","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4252.484","article-title":"Fog catchment sand trenches constructed by tenebrionid beetles, Lepidochora, from the Namib Desert","volume":"193","author":"Seely","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)31673-2","article-title":"First approximation of the effects of rainfall on the ecology and energetics of a Namib Desert dune ecosystem","volume":"3","author":"Seely","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1987.11448021","article-title":"Is the subsurface environment of the Namib Desert dunes a thermal haven for chthonic beetles?","volume":"22","author":"Seely","year":"1987","journal-title":"S Afr J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2307\/1443109","article-title":"Gas exchange in spadefoot toads beneath the ground","volume":"1973","author":"Seymour","year":"1973","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/1442364","article-title":"Physiological correlates of forced activity and burrowing in the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus hammondii","volume":"1973","author":"Seymour","year":"1973","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0038","article-title":"The respiratory environment of the Namib Desert golden mole","volume":"32","author":"Seymour","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00012.x","article-title":"Energetics of burrowing, running, and free-living in the Namib Desert golden mole (Eremitalpa namibensis)","volume":"244","author":"Seymour","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247167","article-title":"Integrating water balance mechanisms into predictions of insect responses to climate change","volume":"227","author":"Sinclair","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30837-1","article-title":"A framework for the ecology of arid Australia","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0064","article-title":"Precipitation and biomass changes in the Namib Desert dune ecosystem","volume":"33","author":"Southgate","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2307\/1948446","article-title":"Some aspects of the ecology of the iguanid genus Uma","volume":"14","author":"Stebbins","year":"1944","journal-title":"Ecol monogr"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/8.3.568","article-title":"Patterns in the abundance of some tenebrionid beetles in the Mojave Desert","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2017.11.016","article-title":"Ecophysiological traits and activity patterns of coleopterans from Atacama Desert provide clues to the functional responses of small ectotherms to climate change","volume":"150","author":"Tirado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9013","article-title":"Nematode communities indicate diverse soil functioning across a fog gradient in the Namib Desert gravel plains","volume":"12","author":"Treonis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8809(90)90239-A","article-title":"The ecological background, deterioration and reclamation of desert dune sand","volume":"33","author":"Tsoar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.065490","article-title":"Effects of different substrates on the sprint performance of lizards","volume":"215","author":"Tulli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2011.04.012","article-title":"Daily activity and thermoregulation in the predator \u2013 prey interaction during flowering desert in Chile","volume":"75","author":"Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref157","first-page":"326","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of the sandfish (Squamata: Scincidae: Scincus scincus) with special reference to subharenal breathing","volume":"51","author":"Vihar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Salamandra"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0109:SMIHDS]2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Small mammals in hot deserts: some generalizations revisited","volume":"50","author":"Walsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198732754.001.0001","volume-title":"The Biology of Deserts","author":"Ward","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref160","first-page":"175","article-title":"On the antiquity of the Namib","volume":"79","author":"Ward","year":"1983","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000931","article-title":"Animal cellulases","volume":"58","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00637","article-title":"Increased diurnal activity is indicative of energy deficit in a nocturnal mammal, the aardvark","volume":"11","author":"Weyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02233","article-title":"Balancing the competing requirements of saltatorial and fossorial specialisation: burrowing costs in the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis","volume":"209","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376915","article-title":"Contributions of subterranean termites to the \u201ceconomy\u201d of Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems","volume":"55","author":"Whitford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172770","article-title":"Water relations of insects","volume":"2","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"1946","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq4372","article-title":"Climate change and the cost-of-living squeeze in desert lizards","volume":"387","author":"Wild","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1071\/AM88020","article-title":"Diet of the marsupial mole, Notoryctes typhlops (Stirling 1889) (Marsupialia: Notoryctidae)","volume":"11","author":"Winkel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aust Mammal"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO99073","article-title":"Metabolic physiology of the north-western marsupial mole, Notoryctes caurinus (Marsupialia: Notoryctidae)","volume":"48","author":"Withers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust J Zool"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.113803","article-title":"Morphology and burrowing energetics of semi-fossorial skinks (Liopholis spp.)","volume":"218","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaf038","article-title":"A user\u2019s guide for understanding reptile and amphibian hydroregulation and climate change impacts","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.110.1.253","article-title":"Feeding and excretion in the scorpion: water and material balance","volume":"110","author":"Yokota","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref172","first-page":"359","article-title":"The water conserving physiological compromise of desert insects","volume":"93","author":"Zachariassen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Entomol"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0030","article-title":"Six years of dew observations in the Negev Desert, Israel","volume":"32","author":"Zangvil","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159695","article-title":"Challenges and solutions to biodiversity conservation in arid lands","volume":"857","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026082420312653000_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2478\/quageo-2014-0042","article-title":"The sources of moisture in the sand dunes\u2013the example of the Western Sahara dune field","volume":"33","author":"\u017bmudzka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quaest Geogr"}],"container-title":["Conservation Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/14\/1\/coag058\/70723043\/coag058.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/14\/1\/coag058\/70723043\/coag058.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:31:40Z","timestamp":1787617900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/conphys\/coag058\/8767043"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coag058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"coag058"}}