{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:24:36Z","timestamp":1792020276181,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":235,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jennifer Ward Oppenheimer Research Grant, Oppenheimer Generations"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climate change threatens biodiversity by challenging animals\u2019 ability to balance energy and water budgets, across timescales ranging from (i) acute-lethal (hours-to-days) to (ii) chronic-sublethal (days-to-weeks). However, predicting the effects of heat exposure over these timescales is complicated by inter- and intraspecific variability in traits, such as physiological tolerances, life-history strategies and the surrounding microhabitat. To address these challenges, we synthesize current knowledge of the physiological and behavioural mechanisms underpinning acute and chronic thermal risks in small endotherms, focusing on birds and bats. We review thermal risks and the key traits determining vulnerability from a biophysical modelling perspective. We then critically evaluate the growing use of biophysical models to predict thermal vulnerability, emphasizing their value but also the risk of oversimplification in the absence of empirical validation. Importantly, most models assume fixed physiological trait values and thermal thresholds and do not incorporate phenotypic plasticity. We also identify key knowledge gaps that constrain predictive capacity, including limited data on dehydration tolerance and heat tolerance thresholds, particularly in bats; incomplete understanding of reaction norms and acclimatory timescales; and poor resolution of how individual thermal trade-offs scale to population dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:17:31Z","timestamp":1785237451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanistic insights into avian and chiropteran thermal risk exposure in a warming world"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5830-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V M","family":"Mdluli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, 2017 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M J","family":"Noakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, 2017 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8702-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S R","family":"Conradie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, 2017 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Pathology of heart, hmg, liver and kidney in broilers under chronic heat stress","volume":"26","author":"Aengwanich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci J Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613625114","article-title":"Mapping evaporative water loss in desert passerines reveals an expanding threat of lethal dehydration","volume":"114","author":"Albright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26226","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican05181907-26226supp","article-title":"The influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species","volume":"63","author":"Allen","year":"1907","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2741\/e148","article-title":"The evolution of thermal physiology in endotherms","volume":"E2","author":"Angilletta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Biosci\u2013 (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.257.2.R377","article-title":"Osmoregulation and body fluid compartmentalization in dehydrated heat-exposed pigeons","volume":"257","author":"Arad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2307\/1368103","article-title":"Thermoregulation in Turkey vultures. Vascular anatomy, arteriovenous heat exchange, and behavior","volume":"91","author":"Arad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(76)90063-1","article-title":"A heat transfer analysis of animals: unifying concepts and the application of metabolism chamber data to field ecology","volume":"60","author":"Bakken","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref8","first-page":"196","volume-title":"J Comp Physiol","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref9","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Ueber Die Verh\u00e4ltnisse Der W\u00e4rme\u00f6konomie Der Thiere Zu Ihrer Gr\u00f6sse","author":"Bergmann","year":"1847"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0178","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change: the importance of cue variation","volume":"374","author":"Bonamour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082403180154900_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-014-1202-2","article-title":"Hot bats : extreme thermal tolerance in a desert heat wave","volume":"101","author":"Bondarenco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13604","article-title":"Hot droughts compromise interannual survival across all group sizes in a cooperatively breeding bird","volume":"23","author":"Bourne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12121","article-title":"Climate change and mammals: evolutionary versus plastic responses","volume":"7","author":"Boutin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr053","article-title":"Adaptive thermoregulation in endotherms may alter responses to climate change","volume":"51","author":"Boyles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16557","article-title":"Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: the promise of biophysical ecology","volume":"29","author":"Briscoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1999.11448481","article-title":"Survival tactics within thermally-challenging roosts: heat tolerance and cold sensitivity in the Angolan free-tailed bat, Mops condylurus","volume":"34","author":"Bronner","year":"1999","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103977","article-title":"Seasonal and between-population variation in heat tolerance and cooling efficiency in a Mediterranean songbird","volume":"125","author":"Cabello-Vergel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00897","article-title":"Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and resilience of vertebrates to increasing climatic unpredictability","volume":"43","author":"Canale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim Res"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref18","first-page":"367","article-title":"Thermal ecology of small animals","volume":"31","author":"Canals","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00163.1","article-title":"Thermal patterns constrain diurnal behavior of a ground-dwelling bird","volume":"6","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12126","article-title":"Climate change and timing of avian breeding and migration: evolutionary versus plastic changes","volume":"7","author":"Charmantier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70150","article-title":"Classifying avian drinking behaviour: ecological insights and implications in a changing world","volume":"101","author":"Conradie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bio Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb245066","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245066","article-title":"An evaluation of a biophysical model for predicting avian thermoregulation in the heat","volume":"226","author":"Conradie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07432","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.07432","article-title":"Integrating fine-scale behaviour and microclimate data into biophysical models highlights the risk of lethal hyperthermia and dehydration","volume":"2025","author":"Conradie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821312116","article-title":"Chronic, sublethal effects of high temperatures will cause severe declines in southern African arid-zone birds during the 21st century","volume":"116","author":"Conradie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"coaa048","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa048","article-title":"Avian mortality risk during heat waves will increase greatly in arid Australia during the 21st century","volume":"8","author":"Conradie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"coaf036","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaf036","article-title":"Increases in humidity will intensify lethal hyperthermia risk for birds occupying humid lowlands","volume":"13","author":"Coulson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2004.00327.x","article-title":"The impact of climate change on birds","volume":"146","author":"Crick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13092","article-title":"Rapid warming and drought negatively impact population size and reproductive dynamics of an avian predator in the arid southwest","volume":"22","author":"Cruz-Mcdonnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2324","article-title":"Opportunity costs and the response of birds and mammals to climate warming","volume":"19","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074613","article-title":"Temperatures in excess of critical thresholds threaten nestling growth and survival in a rapidly-warming arid savanna: a study of common fiscals","volume":"8","author":"Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13573","article-title":"Regularly drinking desert birds have greater evaporative cooling capacity and higher heat tolerance limits than non-drinking species","volume":"34","author":"Czenze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102542","article-title":"Bat thermoregulation in the heat: limits to evaporative cooling capacity in three southern African bats","volume":"89","author":"Czenze","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14230","article-title":"Home is where the heat is: thermoregulation of European bats inhabiting artificial roosts and the threat of heat waves","volume":"59","author":"Czenze","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103911","article-title":"Bat thermoregulation in the heat: seasonal variation in evaporative cooling capacities in four species of European bats","volume":"123","author":"Czenze","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13918","article-title":"Caves, crevices and cooling capacity: roost microclimate predicts heat tolerance in bats","volume":"36","author":"Czenze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref36","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Temperature Regulation and Water Requirements of the Brown and Abert Towhees, Pipilo Fuscus and Pipilo Aberti","author":"Dawson","year":"1954"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2307\/4081617","article-title":"Temperature regulation and water requirements of the Brown and Abert towhees","volume":"72","author":"Dawson","year":"1954","journal-title":"Pipilo fuscus and Pipilo aberti Auk"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(82)90198-0","article-title":"Evaporative water losses of water by birds","volume":"71","author":"Dawson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0031-2_9","article-title":"Metabolic acclimatization to cold and season in birds","author":"Dawson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol Cold Adapt Birds"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119419","article-title":"Too hot to sleep? Sleep behaviour and surface body temperature of Wahlberg\u2019s epauletted fruit bat","volume":"10","author":"Downs","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-019-01210-2","article-title":"Interactions between humidity and evaporative heat dissipation in a passerine bird","volume":"189","author":"van Dyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00502.x","article-title":"Vulnerability of South African animal taxa to climate change","volume":"8","author":"Erasmus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22196","DOI":"10.1002\/tqem.22196","article-title":"Systematic review on effects of global climate change on birds","volume":"34","author":"Fernando","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Qual Manag"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12893","article-title":"Bat responses to climate change: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Festa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65427","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065427","article-title":"Identifying the world\u2019s most climate change vulnerable species: a systematic trait-based assessment of all birds amphibians and corals","volume":"8","author":"Foden","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104324","article-title":"The role of hyperthermia in avian tolerance of hot and humid conditions","volume":"134","author":"Freeman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4279","article-title":"Evolution of avian heat tolerance: the role of atmospheric humidity","volume":"105","author":"Freeman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69997-7","article-title":"Extreme hyperthermia tolerance in the world\u2019s most abundant wild bird","volume":"10","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2211280119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas","article-title":"Adaptive variation in the upper limits of avian body temperature","volume":"119","author":"Freeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2258","article-title":"Australian songbird body size tracks climate variation: 82 species over 50 years","volume":"286","author":"Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.03.005","article-title":"Declining body size: a third universal response to warming?","volume":"26","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13274","article-title":"The functional significance of facultative hyperthermia varies with body size and phylogeny in birds","volume":"33","author":"Gerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1086\/678956","article-title":"The impact of humidity on evaporative cooling in small desert birds exposed to high air temperatures","volume":"87","author":"Gerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref54","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Ecological Detective: Confronting Models with Data","author":"Hilborn","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00774-8","article-title":"Impact of hyper- and hypothermia on cellular and whole-body physiology","volume":"13","author":"Iba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.7.4.355","article-title":"Temperature of skin in the arctic as a regulator of heat","volume":"7","author":"Irving","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02457","article-title":"The beak and unfeathered skin as heat radiators in the southern ground-hornbill","volume":"51","author":"Janse, van Vuuren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12195","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on avian populations","volume":"19","author":"Jenouvrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x","article-title":"Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species\u2019 ranges","volume":"12","author":"Kearney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40665-016-0027-y","article-title":"An estimate of the water budget for the endangered night parrot of Australia under recent and future climates","volume":"3","author":"Kearney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim Change Responses"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00423.x","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity: molecular mechanisms and adaptive significance","volume":"2","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15317","article-title":"In-situ responses of temperate-zone bats to climate change","volume":"1546","author":"Kerth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(96)00039-3","article-title":"Wing temperature in flying bats measured by infrared thermography","volume":"22","author":"Lancaster","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(66)90153-8","article-title":"Evaporative water loss in birds\u2014I. Characteristics of the open flow method of determination, and their relation to estimates of thermoregulatory ability","volume":"19","author":"Lasiewski","year":"1966","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(67)90601-9","article-title":"Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiroptera bats","volume":"22","author":"Licht","year":"1967","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0284","article-title":"A heat-sensitive songbird\u2019s risk of lethal hyperthermia increases with humidity","volume":"21","author":"Liddle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7110149","article-title":"Heat sepsis precedes heat toxicity in the pathophysiology of heat stroke: a new paradigm on an ancient disease","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12021","article-title":"Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?","volume":"88","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-016-0582-9","article-title":"Bat boxes in urban non-native forests: a popular practice that should be reconsidered","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f3pez-Baucells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-460420-9.50006-4","volume-title":"Hibernation & Torpor in Mammals & Birds","author":"Lyman","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35814-8","article-title":"Global patterns of climate change impacts on desert bird communities","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12317","article-title":"Climate change and nesting behaviour in vertebrates: a review of the ecological threats and potential for adaptive responses","volume":"92","author":"Mainwaring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12909","article-title":"An individual-based model of ectotherm movement integrating metabolic and microclimatic constraints","volume":"9","author":"Malishev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00714584","article-title":"Thermoregulation in a large bird, the emu. (Dromaius Novaehollandiae)","volume":"164","author":"Maloney","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref75","volume-title":"How One Heatwave Killed \u2018A Third\u2019 of A Bat Species in Australia","author":"Mao","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(88)91610-6","article-title":"Heat balance of acclimated pigeons (Columba livia) exposed to temperatures up to 60\u00b0c ta","volume":"91","author":"Marder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7049","article-title":"Prenatal acoustic communication programs offspring for high posthatching temperatures in a songbird","volume":"353","author":"Mariette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35853-y","article-title":"Parent-embryo acoustic communication: a specialised heat vocalisation allowing embryonic eavesdropping","volume":"8","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-018-1634-7","article-title":"Bat boxes and climate change: testing the risk of over-heating in the Mediterranean region","volume":"28","author":"Martin Bideguren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2989\/00306525.2015.1029031","article-title":"Elevated temperatures drive fine-scale patterns of habitat use in a savanna bird community","volume":"86","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13454","article-title":"Mechanistic variables can enhance predictive models of endotherm distributions: the American pika under current, past, and future climates","volume":"23","author":"Mathewson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12958","article-title":"Baked eggs: catastrophic heatwave-induced reproductive failure in the desert-adapted zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)","volume":"163","author":"McCowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref83","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Computing clear day solar radiation spectra for the terrestrial ecological environment","volume-title":"Ecol","author":"Mccullough","year":"1971"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-007-0218-8","article-title":"Phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate and the changing view of avian physiological diversity: a review","volume":"178","author":"McKechnie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02615","article-title":"Phenotypic flexibility in the basal metabolic rate of laughing doves: responses to short-term thermal acclimation","volume":"210","author":"McKechnie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.155507","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat: evaporative cooling in five Australian passerines reveals within-order biogeographic variation in heat tolerance","volume":"220","author":"McKechnie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb229211","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.229211","article-title":"Thermoregulation in desert birds: scaling and phylogenetic variation in heat tolerance and evaporative cooling","volume":"224","author":"McKechnie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1071\/MUv112n2_ED","article-title":"Feeling the heat: Australian landbirds and climate change","volume":"112","author":"McKechnie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emu"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-015-1186-5","article-title":"Global patterns of seasonal acclimatization in avian resting metabolic rates","volume":"156","author":"McKechnie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ornithol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.13025","article-title":"Mortality among birds and bats during an extreme heat event in eastern South Africa","volume":"46","author":"McKechnie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.138776","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat: efficient evaporative cooling allows for extreme heat tolerance in four southern hemisphere columbids","volume":"219","author":"McKechnie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00757","article-title":"Partitioning of evaporative water loss in white-winged doves: plasticity in response to short-term thermal acclimation","volume":"207","author":"McKechnie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0702","article-title":"Climate change increases the likelihood of catastrophic avian mortality events during extreme heat waves","volume":"6","author":"McKechnie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00011.2019","article-title":"The physiology of heat tolerance in small endotherms","volume":"34","author":"McKechnie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiology."},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb251228","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251228","article-title":"Using physiology to unravel the implications of heatwaves for big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","volume":"228","author":"de Mel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103919","article-title":"The heat is on: thermoregulatory and evaporative cooling patterns of desert-dwelling bats","volume":"123","author":"de Mel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.461","article-title":"Thinking outside the box: a review of artificial roosts for bats","volume":"38","author":"Mering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01289.x","article-title":"Blood vessels in the hind limb of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos: anatomical evidence for a sphincteric action of shunt vessels in connection with the arterio-venous heat exchange system","volume":"61","author":"Midtg\u00e5rd","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1071\/PC21003","article-title":"Estimating flying-fox mortality associated with abandonments of pups and extreme heat events during the austral summer of 2019-20","volume":"28","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pac Conserv Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102916","article-title":"Effect of thermal conditioning on growth performance and thermotolerance in broilers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Ncho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.08.032","article-title":"Perinatal epigenetic temperature adaptation in avian species: comparison of Turkey and Muscovy duck","volume":"29","author":"Nichelmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2019.06.022","article-title":"Reaction norms for heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity do not vary across a climatic gradient in a passerine bird","volume":"236","author":"Noakes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb220137","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.220137","article-title":"Phenotypic flexibility of metabolic rate and evaporative water loss does not vary across a climatic gradient in an Afrotropical passerine bird","volume":"223","author":"Noakes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1086\/707679","article-title":"Seasonal metabolic acclimatization varies in direction and magnitude among years in two arid-zone passerines","volume":"93","author":"Noakes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2020-0276","article-title":"Interspecific variation in heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity among sympatric temperate-latitude bats","volume":"99","author":"Noakes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.132001","article-title":"Seasonal and geographical variation in heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity in a passerine bird","volume":"219","author":"Noakes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.03.006","article-title":"Physiological constraints on heat adaptation in birds","volume":"41","author":"Nord","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00419","article-title":"Lifelong effects of thermal challenges during development in birds and mammals","volume":"11","author":"Nord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2017-0310","article-title":"Extreme operative temperatures in exposed microsites used by roosting rufous-cheeked nightjars (Caprimulgus rufigena): implications for water balance under current and future climate conditions","volume":"96","author":"O\u2019connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-016-1047-4","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat: efficient evaporative cooling in two southern African nightjars","volume":"187","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2023.105001","article-title":"Drinking dependency shapes behavioural thermoregulatory trade-offs in four arid-zone larks","volume":"214","author":"Orolowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2012.00287.x","article-title":"Direct impacts of climatic warming on heat stress in endothermic species: seabirds as bioindicators of changing thermoregulatory constraints","volume":"7","author":"Oswald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2008.0908-8857.04187.x","article-title":"Heat stress in a high-latitude seabird: effects of temperature and food supply on bathing and nest attendance of great skuas Catharacta skua","volume":"39","author":"Oswald","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change","volume":"37","author":"Parmesan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01286","article-title":"A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems","volume":"421","author":"Parmesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842264","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.842264","article-title":"Collapse of breeding success in desert-dwelling hornbills evident within a single decade","volume":"10","author":"Pattinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref117","first-page":"jeb251867","article-title":"Postnatal temperature triggers predictable thermoregulatory shifts without a trade-off between heat-and cold tolerance","volume-title":"J Exp Biol","author":"Persson","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb246876","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246876","article-title":"Thermoregulatory consequences of growing up during a heatwave or a cold snap in Japanese quail","volume":"227","author":"Persson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09761-1","article-title":"A prenatal acoustic signal of heat affects thermoregulation capacities at adulthood in an arid-adapted bird","volume":"12","author":"Pessato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113617","article-title":"Reaction norms in natural conditions: how does metabolic performance respond to weather variations in a small endotherm facing cold environments?","volume":"9","author":"Petit","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00036-3","article-title":"Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design","volume":"18","author":"Piersma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref122","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture: Syntheses in Ecology and Evolution","author":"Pigliucci","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02778.x","article-title":"The costs of keeping cool in a warming world: implications of high temperatures for foraging, thermoregulation and body condition of an arid-zone bird","volume":"18","author":"du Plessis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02067","article-title":"Differences between temperate and tropical birds in seasonal acclimatization of thermoregulatory traits","volume":"50","author":"Pollock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/1948545","article-title":"Thermodynamic equilibria of animals with environment","volume":"39","author":"Porter","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eco Monog"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1280-8","article-title":"Extreme temperature event and mass mortality of insectivorous bats","volume":"65","author":"Pruvot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Wildl Res"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-021-02982-6","article-title":"Heat-related massive chick mortality in an imperial cormorant Leucocarbo atriceps colony from Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"45","author":"Quintana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12476","article-title":"Forecasting wildlife die-offs from extreme heat events","volume":"22","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2224","article-title":"Genetic and plastic responses of a northern mammal to climate change","volume":"270","author":"R\u00e9ale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2307\/1375787","article-title":"Aspects of thermoregulation in bats","volume":"32","author":"Reeder","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4605","article-title":"Exposure to climate change drives stability or collapse of desert mammal and bird communities","volume":"371","author":"Riddell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21609","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908791116","article-title":"Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change","volume":"116","author":"Riddell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-020-00472-4\/Published","article-title":"Seasonal influence on the diurnal roosting behaviour of free-ranging Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus in an urban landscape","volume":"75","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71350","article-title":"Climate change-driven heatwaves pose lethal risks to newborn Forest bats","volume":"15","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.07.006","article-title":"Shape-shifting: changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming","volume":"36","author":"Ryding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1964.tb00951.x","article-title":"Respiratory evaporation in birds","volume":"39","author":"Salt","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1071\/PC110141","article-title":"The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby\u2019s black cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?","volume":"17","author":"Saunders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pac Conserv Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13406","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary change? An examination of the phenological response of an arctic seabird to climate change","volume":"33","author":"Sauve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2307\/2405354","article-title":"Evolution of climatic adaptation in Homeotherms","volume":"9","author":"Scholander","year":"1955","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/1538741","article-title":"Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds","volume":"99","author":"Scholander","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10595","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604824113","article-title":"Configuration of the thermal landscape determines thermoregulatory performance of ectotherms","volume":"113","author":"Sears","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02355","article-title":"Weighing the cost: the impact of serial heatwaves on body mass in a small Australian passerine","volume":"50","author":"Sharpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Avian Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102921","article-title":"Too hot to handle? Behavioural plasticity during incubation in a small","volume":"98","author":"Sharpe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1259","article-title":"Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change","volume":"1","author":"Sheridan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2012.00214.x","article-title":"The impact and implications of climate change for bats","volume":"43","author":"Sherwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mamm Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb244166","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244166","article-title":"Respirometry protocols for avian thermoregulation at high air temperatures: stepped and steady-state profiles yield similar results","volume":"225","author":"Short","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1676\/21-00080","article-title":"Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) nestling mortality associated with unprecedented June 2021 heatwave in Portland","volume":"134","author":"Sloane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wilson J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01646.x","article-title":"Avian seasonal metabolic variation in a subtropical desert: basal metabolic rates are lower in winter than in summer","volume":"24","author":"Smit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12284","article-title":"Water and energy fluxes during summer in an arid-zone passerine bird","volume":"157","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"IBIS"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.128645","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail","volume":"218","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251260","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.251260","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between heat-mediated cognitive impairment and antipredator response in a wild bird","volume":"12","author":"Soravia","year":"2025","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16802","article-title":"Cool shade and not-so-cool shade: how habitat loss may accelerate thermal stress under current and future climate","volume":"29","author":"Stark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1965.tb04067.x","article-title":"The importance of the legs in the thermoregulation of birds","volume":"63","author":"Steen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref154","article-title":"Flying foxes die in their thousands in worst mass-mortality event since Australia\u2019s black summer","author":"Stock","year":"2026","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70056","article-title":"Plasticity in climate change responses","volume":"100","author":"Stollewerk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1086\/393292","article-title":"Phenotypic evolution: a reaction norm perspective. Carl D. Schlichting, Massimo Pigliucci","volume":"75","author":"Stone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrad043","article-title":"The genomics of adaptation to climate in European great tit (Parus major) populations","volume":"8","author":"Stonehouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evol Lett"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-024-02833-z","article-title":"Mapping tree canopy thermal refugia for birds using biophysical models and LiDAR","volume":"69","author":"Strydom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref159","first-page":"935","volume-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology","author":"Studier","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref160","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Current Ornithology","author":"Swanson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1086\/316696","article-title":"Evidence for a proximate influence of winter temperature on metabolism in passerine birds","volume":"72","author":"Swanson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161653","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat: evaporative cooling capacity of arid-zone Caprimulgiformes from two continents","volume":"220","author":"Talbot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175553","article-title":"Heat exchange from the toucan bill reveals a controllable vascular thermal radiator","volume":"325","author":"Tattersall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18608","article-title":"Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels","volume":"535","author":"Thackeray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1086\/316640","article-title":"The role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds","volume":"72","author":"Tieleman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1927","article-title":"Effects of food supplementation on behavioural decisions of hoopoe-larks in the Arabian Desert: balancing water, energy and thermoregulation","volume":"63","author":"Tieleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1086\/316640","article-title":"The role of hyperthermia in the water economy of desert birds","volume":"72","author":"Tieleman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661670","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.661670","article-title":"Effects of heat waves during post-natal development on mitochondrial and whole body physiology: an experimental study in zebra finches","volume":"12","author":"Ton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref169","volume-title":"Thousands of Birds Die in Sweltering Heat","author":"Towie","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref170","volume-title":"More than A Hundred White-tailed Black Cockatoos Dead Near Hopetoun","author":"Towie","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4984","article-title":"Accelerating extinction risk from climate change","volume":"348","author":"Urban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154768","article-title":"Regulation of heat exchange across the hornbill beak: functional similarities with toucans?","volume":"11","author":"Van, De Ven","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04486-x","article-title":"The costs of keeping cool: behavioural trade-offs between foraging and thermoregulation are associated with significant mass losses in an arid-zone bird","volume":"191","author":"van de Ven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)89061-8","article-title":"Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy","volume":"10","author":"Via","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-017-0837-2","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA methylation and mRNA expression of heat shock proteins in thermal manipulated chicken","volume":"23","author":"Vinoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104153","article-title":"Controlled hyperthermia by flying-foxes in the wild: understanding mammalian tolerance to hotter summer conditions","volume":"131","author":"Walker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.54.3.30159949","article-title":"Physiological thermoregulation in heat-stressed birds: consequences of body size","volume":"54","author":"Weathers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.64628\/AA.a9qqrnp9e","article-title":"Killer climate: tens of thousands of flying-foxes dead in a day","author":"Welbergen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1385","article-title":"Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes","volume":"275","author":"Welbergen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026082403180154900_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.121749","article-title":"Avian thermoregulation in the heat : scaling of heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity in three southern African arid-zone passerines","volume":"218","author":"Whitfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref180","volume-title":"Heat Events and Australian Flying-Foxes Fact Sheet","author":"Wildlife Health Australia","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.05.009","article-title":"The effects of temperature on offspring provisioning in a cooperative breeder","volume":"117","author":"Wiley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06207","article-title":"Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence","volume":"449","author":"Willett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060325","article-title":"Towards an integrated framework for assessing the vulnerability of species to climate change","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-078X2000000300003","article-title":"Global warming and avian occupancy of hot deserts; a physiological and behavioral perspective","volume":"73","author":"Wolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Chil His Na"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.2.451","article-title":"Respiratory and cutaneous evaporative water loss at high environmental temperatures in a small bird","volume":"199","author":"Wolf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02167-z","article-title":"Global exposure risk of frogs to increasing environmental dryness","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0750402","article-title":"Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age","volume":"75","author":"Yahav","year":"1996","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2026082403180154900_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2024.110905","article-title":"Mechanistically simulating the effects of climate change to identify conservation hotspots and reproduction potential for an endangered species","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026082403180154900_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv4828","article-title":"Science-based suggestions to save the world\u2019s rarest primate species Nomascus hainanus","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["Conservation Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/14\/1\/coag060\/70767005\/coag060.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article-pdf\/14\/1\/coag060\/70767005\/coag060.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:18:11Z","timestamp":1787555891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/conphys\/coag060\/8769016"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coag060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"coag060"}}