{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1787556217430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":235,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009088","name":"University of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010016","name":"Nottingham Trent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessment of wildlife health and welfare is an increasingly important tool in identifying environmental stressors affecting species of conservation concern. An improved understanding of physiological responses to stress can inform management practises and provide methods for detecting factors that may influence individual and population viability. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) are a popular non-invasive proxy for stress. To measure FGMs, the chosen assay must be sensitive to changes, and biological validation is required to demonstrate that these changes are relevant responses to stress. This study carried out a preliminary validation of three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) previously used on mammals, and biologically validated the most sensitive assay for use in Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), which are classified as Near Threatened (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and are a species of European conservation concern. All three assays were sensitive to FGM changes, with the 11\u03b2-hydroxyetiocholanolone EIA (hereafter, \u2018assay 69a\u2019) showing the greatest increase above baseline, and therefore being the most sensitive. A biological validation using assay 69a compared FGMs from hedgehogs exposed to stressors after admission to rehabilitation (Day 1) with FGMs collected 7\u00a0days later (Day 7) following veterinary care. Individual FGMs were highest on Day 1 (x- = 743\u00a0ng\/g, standard deviation [SD]\u2009=\u2009602.7) and reduced by Day 7 (x- = 224\u00a0ng\/g, SD\u2009=\u2009207.5). Hedgehogs with FGMs below 1000\u00a0ng\/g had an 82% chance of surviving rehabilitation; at 3000\u00a0ng\/g, they had a 52% chance of survival, while survival rates for those with FGMs over 10\u2009000\u00a0ng\/g were less than 1%. Finally, a comparison of wild hedgehogs with and without the parasite Capillaria showed higher FGMs in infected individuals, demonstrating the utility of assay 69a for measuring different stressors in Western European hedgehogs. We recommend that assay 69a be used in future hedgehog conservation and welfare studies, to better understand the environmental, and anthropogenic stressors that may contribute to their ongoing decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1785930803000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spikes in the data: biological validation and applications of an assay for detecting faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in Western European hedgehogs (\n                    <i>Erinaceus europaeus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5520-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Rural & Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Brackenhurst, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Yarnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Rural & Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Brackenhurst, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Palme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn M","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Rural & Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Brackenhurst, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University , Reception, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3FL,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Yarnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Rural & Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Brackenhurst, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082403180135800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.04.008","article-title":"Chronic stress impairs the local immune response during cutaneous repair in Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata, 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