{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:55:32Z","timestamp":1791899732964,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":267,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Emerging infectious diseases can have catastrophic impacts on wildlife populations, yet identifying individuals that survived exposure, especially when external symptoms are absent, remains challenging. Since 2021, a virulent strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV; H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) has caused unprecedented mortality in wild birds. Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) suffered dramatic mortality and reproductive failure at North America\u2019s largest colony in 2022. Following the outbreak, Lane et\u00a0al. reported that a subset of gannets at a UK colony displayed darkened irises associated with HPAIV seropositivity. Here, we build on this work by quantifying iris pigmentation irregularity and evaluating whether greater irregularity predicts prior exposure, measured by anti-nucleoprotein (NP) and anti-hemagglutinin (H5) antibodies with standardized field-based photography. Iris pigmentation was strongly associated (\u03c1\u2009=\u2009\u22120.72) with NP antibody reactivity (S\/N ratios), and the probability of NP seropositivity increased with irregularity (50% at 40% irregularity, 65% at 50%, and\u2009&amp;gt;90% above ~77%). We observed weaker positive associations with H5 antibody reactivity (percent inhibition, PI%; \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.30), consistent with differences in antibody persistence and detection dynamics. Among NP-seropositive individuals, NP antibody reactivity did not vary with iris irregularity, whereas H5 antibody reactivity increased with pigmentation extent. Pre-outbreak data defined a narrow range of iris pigmentation irregularity (\u22648%), supporting a threshold separating baseline from elevated values. Our findings support earlier evidence that iris pigmentation irregularities reflect prior HPAIV exposure and demonstrate that quantifying their extent provides greater resolution for population-level monitoring. Iris scoring offers a rapid, minimally invasive approach for estimating prior exposure in post-outbreak contexts, particularly where serological sampling is limited. Rather than serving as a diagnostic proxy for individual exposure history, this metric provides an epidemiological indicator when interpreted alongside serological and ecological data. Future research should determine whether iris pigmentation remains stable, fades, progresses or changes, following subsequent HPAIV exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coag069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:39:52Z","timestamp":1788521992000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying iris pigmentation irregularities following an avian influenza outbreak: implications for population-level disease surveillance in a colonial seabird"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Petalas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University (Macdonald Campus) , 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu\u00e9bec, H9X 3V9 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4843-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolene A","family":"Giacinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Rail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Suite 801, 1550 d'Estimauville Avenue, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, G1J 0C3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3381-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl A","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Suite 801, 1550 d'Estimauville Avenue, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, G1J 0C3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4972-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer F","family":"Provencher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Avery-Gomm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle H","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University (Macdonald Campus) , 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu\u00e9bec, H9X 3V9 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Seyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Suite 801, 1550 d'Estimauville Avenue, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, G1J 0C3 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