{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:18:48Z","timestamp":1790767128850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-CoG-726318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-CoG-726318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Guzik-FS\/14\/49\/30838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guzik-FS\/14\/49\/30838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE\/18\/6\/34217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE\/18\/6\/34217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BHF RE\/18\/634217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BHF RE\/18\/634217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/19\/84\/34771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/19\/84\/34771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_12014\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12014\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_12014\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12014\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, represents the greatest medical challenge in decades. We provide a comprehensive review of the clinical course of COVID-19, its comorbidities, and mechanistic considerations for future therapies. While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system. Risk of severe infection and mortality increase with advancing age and male sex. Mortality is increased by comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer. The most common complications include arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, and ventricular fibrillation), cardiac injury [elevated highly sensitive troponin I (hs-cTnI) and creatine kinase (CK) levels], fulminant myocarditis, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2, following proteolytic cleavage of its S protein by a serine protease, binds to the transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) \u2014a homologue of ACE\u2014to enter type 2 pneumocytes, macrophages, perivascular pericytes, and cardiomyocytes. This may lead to myocardial dysfunction and damage, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, plaque instability, and myocardial infarction (MI). While ACE2 is essential for viral invasion, there is no evidence that ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) worsen prognosis. Hence, patients should not discontinue their use. Moreover, renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors might be beneficial in COVID-19. Initial immune and inflammatory responses induce a severe cytokine storm [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-22, IL-17, etc.] during the rapid progression phase of COVID-19. Early evaluation and continued monitoring of cardiac damage (cTnI and NT-proBNP) and coagulation (D-dimer) after hospitalization may identify patients with cardiac injury and predict COVID-19 complications. Preventive measures (social distancing and social isolation) also increase cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular considerations of therapies currently used, including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, ribavirin, interferons, and lopinavir\/ritonavir, as well as experimental therapies, such as human recombinant ACE2 (rhACE2), are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1586877178000},"page":"1666-1687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1127,"title":["COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz J","family":"Guzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saidi A","family":"Mohiddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Center, St Bartholomew\u2019s NHS Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"William Harvey Institute Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Dimarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Center, St Bartholomew\u2019s NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Center, St Bartholomew\u2019s NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Savvatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Heart Center, St Bartholomew\u2019s NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica M","family":"Marelli-Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Institute Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meena S","family":"Madhur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Tomaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3926-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Maffia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"D\u2019Acquisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart A","family":"Nicklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali J","family":"Marian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Nosalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor C","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Interventional Cardiology; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhian M","family":"Touyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4818-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhold","family":"Kreutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut f\u00fcr Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2096-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bhella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Sagliocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit; ASST Bergamo Est Bolognini Hospital Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Crea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma C","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain B","family":"McInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B2"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B3","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"China. JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan,","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China. Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B7","first-page":"145","article-title":"Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B8","article-title":"Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","author":"Driggin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0153-3","article-title":"Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV\/SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.050","article-title":"Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B15","article-title":"Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa006","article-title":"Treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction","volume":"116","author":"Bairey Merz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B18","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01815","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-18","article-title":"TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection","volume":"93","author":"Iwata-Yoshikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.01.011","article-title":"Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B23","edition":"7th edition)."},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30156-0","article-title":"COVID-19 with spontaneous pneumomediastinum","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0180","article-title":"Mediastinal emphysema, giant bulla, and pneumothorax developed during the course of COVID-19 pneumonia","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B28","first-page":"145","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B29","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)\u2014China, 2020","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30257-7","article-title":"Likelihood of survival of coronavirus disease 2019","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz300","article-title":"May Measurement Month 2018: a pragmatic global screening campaign to raise awareness of blood pressure by the International Society of Hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Beaney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa097","article-title":"Hypertension, the renin\u2013angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19. European Society of Hypertension COVID-19 Task Force Review of Evidence","author":"Kreutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B36","first-page":"HYPERTENSIONAHA12015082","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin system blockers and the COVID-19 oandemic: at present there is no evidence to abandon renin\u2013angiotensin system blockers","author":"Danser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B37","first-page":"219","article-title":"[Inhibitors of RAS might be a good choice for the therapy of COVID-19 pneumonia]","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B38","article-title":"Hypokalemia and clinical implications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0160-5","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Drummond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy112","article-title":"Hypertension and increased endothelial mechanical stretch promote monocyte differentiation and activation: roles of STAT3, interleukin 6 and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"114","author":"Loperena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045102","article-title":"White blood cells and blood pressure: a Mendelian randomization study","author":"Siedlinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.00689","article-title":"Immunosenescent CD8+ T cells and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines are increased in human hypertension","volume":"62","author":"Youn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.001","article-title":"Sanchis-Gomar F. Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from a meta-analysis","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T for the prediction of cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgery","volume":"203","author":"Gualandro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa078","article-title":"The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Inciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301121","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of patients with acute cardiac symptoms, troponin elevation and culprit-free angiograms","volume":"98","author":"Gallagher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.074","article-title":"Update on myocarditis","volume":"59","author":"Kindermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00078-9","article-title":"Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens","volume":"34","author":"Pankuweit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156","article-title":"Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction","volume":"112","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00064","article-title":"Myocarditis in humans and in experimental animal models","volume":"6","author":"Blyszczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.07.003","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 infection leads to the generation of cardiac myosin heavy chain-alpha-reactive CD4 T cells in A\/J mice","volume":"144","author":"Gangaplara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85851","article-title":"Cardiac myosin\u2013Th17 responses promote heart failure in human myocarditis","volume":"1","author":"Myers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808137","article-title":"Acute infection and myocardial infarction","volume":"380","author":"Musher","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy109","article-title":"Immune cell census in murine atherosclerosis: cytometry by time of flight illuminates vascular myeloid cell diversity","volume":"114","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx197","article-title":"CD40L controls obesity-associated vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in high fat diet-treated and db\/db mice","volume":"114","author":"Steven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx248","article-title":"Exploring immune checkpoints as potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Kusters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13412-5","article-title":"Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study","volume":"361","author":"Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz160","article-title":"The many faces of myocardial ischaemia and angina","volume":"115","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy148","article-title":"Mechanical stretch on endothelial cells interconnects innate and adaptive immune response in hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Carnevale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1879","article-title":"Endothelial function assessment in atherosclerosis: comparison of brachial artery flowmediated vasodilation and peripheral arterial tonometry","volume":"123","author":"Wilk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa254","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association?","author":"Danzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz166","article-title":"Immunometabolism and atherosclerosis: perspectives and clinical significance: a position paper from the Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"115","author":"Ketelhuth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz067","article-title":"The immunometabolic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: immune homeostatic mechanisms in the artery wall","volume":"115","author":"Ketelhuth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0028","article-title":"FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy202","article-title":"Immune system-mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE\u2013\/\u2013 mice","volume":"115","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz085","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 modulates immune cell functions and is suppressed in early onset myocardial infarction patients","volume":"115","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy188","article-title":"Testosterone to oestradiol ratio reflects systemic and plaque inflammation and predicts future cardiovascular events in men with severe atherosclerosis","volume":"115","author":"van Koeverden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy198","article-title":"Associations between cardiovascular disease, cancer, and very low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the REasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study","volume":"115","author":"Penson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx243","article-title":"New dimensions in circadian clock function: the role of biological sex","volume":"114","author":"Crnko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy191","article-title":"Interleukin 6 trans-signalling and risk of future cardiovascular events","volume":"115","author":"Ziegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy206","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA H19 regulates endothelial cell aging via inhibition of STAT3 signalling","volume":"115","author":"Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy233","article-title":"Interleukin-6 trans-signalling and risk of future cardiovascular events: a new avenue for atheroprotection?","volume":"115","author":"Ferrante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210715","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update","volume":"76","author":"Smolen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.68-007-ABST","article-title":"Discovery of IL-6 and development of anti-IL-6R antibody","volume":"68","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B82","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-020-00567-4","article-title":"The cardiovascular complications of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy","author":"Jamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy164","article-title":"CD1d-dependent natural killer T cells attenuate angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling via IL-10 signaling in mice","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy092","article-title":"The mineralocorticoid receptor as a modulator of innate immunity and atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx181","article-title":"Augmented Th17 differentiation in Trim21 deficiency promotes a stable phenotype of atherosclerotic plaques with high collagen content","volume":"114","author":"Brauner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy013","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signalling contributes to aldosterone-induced cardiac fibrosis","volume":"114","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-717.x","article-title":"IL-6 acts on endothelial cells to preferentially increase their adherence for lymphocytes","volume":"105","author":"Watson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.018","article-title":"Oxidized LDL enhances pro-inflammatory responses of alternatively activated M2 macrophages: a crucial role for Kruppel-like factor 2","volume":"214","author":"van Tits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.9.1498","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-6 in atherosclerotic lesions of male ApoE-knockout mice: inhibition by 17beta-estradiol","volume":"18","author":"Sukovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.10.2364","article-title":"Interleukin-6 exacerbates early atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"19","author":"Huber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.229435","article-title":"Transsignaling of interleukin-6 crucially contributes to atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"32","author":"Schuett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185923","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice","volume":"12","author":"Nishihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000148135.08582.97","article-title":"Impact of interleukin-6 on plaque development and morphology in experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"110","author":"Schieffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96462","article-title":"Ectopic upregulation of membrane-bound IL6R drives vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"128","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60110-X","article-title":"The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomisation analysis","volume":"379","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61931-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies","volume":"379","author":"Sarwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz133","article-title":"When, where, and how to target vascular inflammation in the post-CANTOS era?","volume":"40","author":"Maffia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12658","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01542-10","article-title":"Efficient activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2","volume":"84","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.06.011","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 downregulate expression of the SARS coronavirus receptor ACE2 in Vero E6 cells","volume":"353","author":"de Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.5C6782.2005","article-title":"Immunolocalization of ACE2 and AT2 receptors in rabbit atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"54","author":"Zulli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762094","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/762094","article-title":"Deficiency of ACE2 in bone-marrow-derived cells increases expression of TNF-alpha in adipose stromal cells and augments glucose intolerance in obese C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"2012","author":"Thatcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000094737.21775.32","article-title":"Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.037515","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS","volume":"39","author":"Oudit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy023","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle contraction in hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Touyz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy009","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell and arterial aging: basic and clinical aspects","volume":"114","author":"Lacolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi114","article-title":"Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans","volume":"26","author":"Burrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2009.160","article-title":"ACE2 overexpression ameliorates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in a rat model of myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B114","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.016","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang,","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China. J Infect"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2010.05.006","article-title":"Elevation of ADAM10, ADAM17, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression with media degeneration features CaCl2-induced thoracic aortic aneurysm in a rat model","volume":"89","author":"Geng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33011-3","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial begins for Ebola therapeutics","volume":"392","author":"Nakkazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B119","first-page":"762","article-title":"Approaches to the treatment of disease induced by chikungunya virus","volume":"138","author":"Bettadapura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.026","article-title":"Interferon-Beta improves survival in enterovirus-associated cardiomyopathy","volume":"60","author":"Kuhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-018-4719-x","article-title":"Treatment options in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: focus on i.v. immunoglobulins","volume":"43","author":"Maisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0689-4","article-title":"Cardiac complications attributed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Chatre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207760","article-title":"Effectiveness of tocilizumab with and without synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a European collaborative study","volume":"75","author":"Gabay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41095","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab versus etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Giles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B125","article-title":"Temporal echocardiography findings in patients with fulminant myocarditis: beyond ejection fraction decline","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B126","author":"Vergano"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319832394","article-title":"ESC e-Cardiology Working Group Position Paper: overcoming challenges in digital health implementation in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"26","author":"Frederix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.005","article-title":"Perceived social isolation and cognition","volume":"13","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.033","article-title":"Social isolation induces Rac1-dependent forgetting of social memory","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.040","article-title":"Dorsal Raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation","volume":"164","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3544","article-title":"Cognitive problems among breast cancer survivors: loneliness enhances risk","volume":"23","author":"Jaremka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.002","article-title":"Does loneliness mediate the relation between social support and cognitive functioning in later life?","volume":"98","author":"Ellwardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0296","article-title":"Social isolation affects the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice","volume":"148","author":"Nonogaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0458","article-title":"Chronic social isolation is associated with metabolic gene expression changes specific to mammary adipose tissue","volume":"6","author":"Volden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020760","article-title":"Loneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults","volume":"29","author":"Whisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.01.011","article-title":"Loneliness predicts postprandial ghrelin and hunger in women","volume":"70","author":"Jaremka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5539\/cco.v6n1p12","article-title":"Restraint and social isolation stressors differentially regulate adaptive immunity and tumor angiogenesis in a breast cancer mouse model","volume":"6","author":"Budiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.012","article-title":"Social isolation is associated with elevated tumor norepinephrine in ovarian carcinoma patients","volume":"25","author":"Lutgendorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00073-9","article-title":"Loneliness and pathways to disease","volume":"17","author":"Hawkley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.910761","article-title":"Contrasting mechanisms by which social isolation and restraint impair healing in male mice","volume":"17","author":"Pyter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.11.016","article-title":"Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: understanding the role of immune dysregulation","volume":"38","author":"Jaremka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114452","article-title":"Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update on current knowledge","volume":"34","author":"Steptoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness","volume":"152","author":"Leigh-Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.002","article-title":"The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"60","author":"Heidari Gorji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301261","article-title":"Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors","volume":"103","author":"Pantell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181b40efc","article-title":"Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease","volume":"71","author":"Thurston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0614-y","article-title":"Genetic risk for major depressive disorder and loneliness in sex-specific associations with coronary artery disease","author":"Dennis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7312","article-title":"Loneliness, social isolation, and cardiovascular health","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318793456","article-title":"Loneliness, social isolation and risk of cardiovascular disease in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"25","author":"Vigorito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.16.2192","article-title":"Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy","volume":"99","author":"Rozanski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00061-4","article-title":"Social isolation and cardiovascular disease: an atherosclerotic pathway?","volume":"23","author":"Knox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies","volume":"102","author":"Valtorta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312663","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK Biobank cohort study of 479 054 men and women","volume":"104","author":"Hakulinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.028","article-title":"Social deprivation and the HPA axis in early development","volume":"50","author":"Koss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015240","article-title":"The neuroendocrinology of social isolation","volume":"66","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.07.002","article-title":"Social isolation and diurnal cortisol patterns in an ageing cohort","volume":"38","author":"Stafford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.05.011","article-title":"Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals","volume":"62","author":"Hawkley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B158","first-page":"93","article-title":"Cardiovascular control is associated with pair-bond success in male prairie voles","author":"Lewis","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-1027-8","article-title":"Hormonal changes during long-term isolation","volume":"91","author":"Custaud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1995.1013","article-title":"Social effects and circadian rhythms in squirrel monkey pituitary\u2013adrenal activity","volume":"29","author":"Lyons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(08)60099-4","article-title":"European isolation and confinement study. Workload and stress: effects on psychosomatic and psychobiological reaction patterns","volume":"3","author":"Vaernes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Space Biol Med"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000705","article-title":"Subjective social status and inflammatory gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.086","article-title":"Neurobiology and consequences of social isolation stress in animal model\u2014a comprehensive review","volume":"105","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.016","article-title":"Social isolation stress reduces hippocampal long-term potentiation: effect of animal strain and involvement of glucocorticoid receptors","volume":"256","author":"Kamal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226767","article-title":"Chronic stress triggers social aversion via glucocorticoid receptor in dopaminoceptive neurons","volume":"339","author":"Barik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa072","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and cardiac imaging: EACVI recommendations on precautions, indications, prioritization, and protection for patients and healthcare personnel","author":"Skulstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2020072414265876400_cvaa106-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, Comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City area","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/116\/10\/1666\/33529749\/cvaa106.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/116\/10\/1666\/33529749\/cvaa106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T19:55:58Z","timestamp":1722714958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article\/116\/10\/1666\/5826160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6363","1755-3245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6363","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-3245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]}}}