{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:01:22Z","timestamp":1789513282596,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) \u2018Ricerca Corrente\u2019 to G.L. and by the European Research Council","award":["759921\u2014SymPAtHY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759921\u2014SymPAtHY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our body is continuously in contact with external stimuli that need a fine integration with the internal milieu in order to maintain the homoeostasis. Similarly, perturbations of the internal environment are responsible for the alterations of the physiological mechanisms regulating our main functions. The nervous system and the immune system represent the main interfaces between the internal and the external environment. In carrying out these functions, they share many similarities, being able to recognize, integrate, and organize responses to a wide variety of stimuli, with the final aim to re-establish the homoeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, which collectively refers to the ensemble of afferent and efferent neurons that wire the central nervous system with visceral effectors throughout the body, is the prototype system controlling the homoeostasis through reflex arches. On the other hand, immune cells continuously patrol our body against external enemies and internal perturbations, organizing acute responses and forming memory for future encounters. Interesting to notice, the integration of the two systems provides a further unique opportunity for fine tuning of our body\u2019s homoeostasis. In fact, the autonomic nervous system guides the development of lymphoid and myeloid organs, as well as the deployment of immune cells towards peripheral tissues where they can affect and control several physiological functions. In turn, every specific immune cell type can contribute to regulate neural circuits involved in cardiovascular function, metabolism, and inflammation. Here, we review current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems in cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T04:20:58Z","timestamp":1590207658000},"page":"402-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Neuroimmune interactions in cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli IS, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3510-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Via dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli IS, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 1: the epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"121","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.008718","article-title":"Worldwide exposures to cardiovascular risk factors and associated health effects: current knowledge and data gaps","volume":"133","author":"Tzoulaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0064-0","article-title":"Myeloid cell contributions to cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2150","article-title":"Monocyte and macrophage dynamics in the cardiovascular system: JACC macrophage in CVD series (part 3)","volume":"72","author":"Fayad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2149","article-title":"The macrophage in cardiac homeostasis and disease: JACC macrophage in CVD series (part 4)","volume":"72","author":"Lavine","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.827071","article-title":"Leukocyte count and incidence of hospitalizations due to heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Engstr\u00f6M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2021021105260451500_cvaa151-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00130.2010","article-title":"Cannon Memorial Award Lecture, 2009. 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