{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T13:42:44Z","timestamp":1786282964073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":281,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cardiovascular system is significantly affected in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Microvascular injury, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis resulting from viral infection or indirectly related to the intense systemic inflammatory and immune responses are characteristic features of severe COVID-19. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease and viral load are linked to myocardial injury and worse outcomes. The vascular response to cytokine production and the interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor may lead to a significant reduction in cardiac contractility and subsequent myocardial dysfunction. In addition, a considerable proportion of patients who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 do not fully recover and continue to experience a large number of symptoms and post-acute complications in the absence of a detectable viral infection. This conditions often referred to as \u2018post-acute COVID-19\u2019 may have multiple causes. Viral reservoirs or lingering fragments of viral RNA or proteins contribute to the condition. Systemic inflammatory response to COVID-19 has the potential to increase myocardial fibrosis which in turn may impair cardiac remodelling. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of cardiovascular injury and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. As the pandemic continues and new variants emerge, we can advance our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms only by integrating our understanding of the pathophysiology with the corresponding clinical findings. Identification of new biomarkers of cardiovascular complications, and development of effective treatments for COVID-19 infection are of crucial importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,11]],"date-time":"2021-09-11T00:34:16Z","timestamp":1631320456000},"page":"2705-2729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a consensus paper from the ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology &amp; Microcirculation, ESC Working Group on Thrombosis and the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC), in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edina","family":"Cenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40134 Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Badimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Program ICCC-Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, CiberCV , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Bugiardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40134 Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6628-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc J","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp , Edegem,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department of Cardiology, Ospedale \u201cMaggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, Eastern Piedmont University , Novara,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cor","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physiologie, Universit\u00e4t zu L\u00fcbeck , L\u00fcbeck,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck , L\u00fcbeck,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Derumeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMRB U955, UPEC , Cr\u00e9teil,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Teaching Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil,","place":["France"]},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire \u00ab SENEC \u00bb , Cr\u00e9teil,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dorobantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 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