{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:46:25Z","timestamp":1792809985285,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL134892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL134892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18CSA34080399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18CSA34080399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RRM Charitable Fund, and the Simard Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inflammation orchestrates each stage of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, inflammatory mediators likely link many traditional and emerging risk factors with atherogenesis. Atheroma initiation involves endothelial activation with recruitment of leucocytes to the arterial intima, where they interact with lipoproteins or their derivatives that have accumulated in this layer. The prolonged and usually clinically silent progression of atherosclerosis involves periods of smouldering inflammation, punctuated by episodes of acute activation that may arise from inflammatory mediators released from sites of extravascular injury or infection or from subclinical disruptions of the plaque. Smooth muscle cells and infiltrating leucocytes can proliferate but also undergo various forms of cell death that typically lead to formation of a lipid-rich \u2018necrotic\u2019 core within the evolving intimal lesion. Extracellular matrix synthesized by smooth muscle cells can form a fibrous cap that overlies the lesion\u2019s core. Thus, during progression of atheroma, cells not only procreate but perish. Inflammatory mediators participate in both processes. The ultimate clinical complication of atherosclerotic plaques involves disruption that provokes thrombosis, either by fracture of the plaque\u2019s fibrous cap or superficial erosion. The consequent clots can cause acute ischaemic syndromes if they embarrass perfusion. Incorporation of the thrombi can promote plaque healing and progressive intimal thickening that can aggravate stenosis and further limit downstream blood flow. Inflammatory mediators regulate many aspects of both plaque disruption and healing process. Thus, inflammatory processes contribute to all phases of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques, and represent ripe targets for mitigating the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T07:13:28Z","timestamp":1632122008000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["Inflammation during the life cycle of the atherosclerotic plaque"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1502-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Libby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 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