{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:17:45Z","timestamp":1787008665596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union COST ACTION"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex has been proposed to be cardioprotective per se. Studies with myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion and infarct size as endpoint have demonstrated cardioprotection in female, castrated male, and male pigs. These studies are difficult to compare, given the different pig strains, models, durations of ischaemia, and methods of infarct size quantification. The few studies using both female and male pigs reported no differences in infarct size and cardioprotection. We, therefore, prospectively compared infarct size in G\u00f6ttingen minipigs undergoing ischaemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) without and with ischaemic pre-conditioning (IPC) between female, castrated male, and male pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective, randomized approach, 28 G\u00f6ttingen open-chest, anaesthetized minipigs underwent 60 min ischaemia by distal left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion and 180 min reperfusion without and with IPC by three cycles of 5 min LAD occlusion\/10 min reperfusion. Infarct size with I\/R was not different between female, castrated male, and male pigs (45 \u00b1 8 vs. 45 \u00b1 13 vs. 41 \u00b1 9% area at risk), as was the reduction in infarct size with IPC (25 \u00b1 11 vs. 30 \u00b1 8 vs. 19 \u00b1 10% area at risk). In addition, the area of no-reflow was not different between female, castrated male, and male pigs with I\/R (57 \u00b1 13 vs. 35 \u00b1 7 vs. 47 \u00b1 26% infarct size) or IPC (4 \u00b1 10 vs.12 \u00b1 20 vs. 0 \u00b1 0% infarct size). Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was increased at 10 min reperfusion by IPC but not by I\/R to the same extent in female, castrated male, and male pigs (198 \u00b1 30 vs. 230 \u00b1 165 vs. 179 \u00b1 107% of baseline).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data do not support the notion of sex- or castration-related differences in infarct size, coronary microvascular injury, and cardioprotection by IPC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Translational perspective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The translation of successful preclinical studies on cardioprotection to the benefit of patients with reperfused myocardial infarction has been difficult. The difficulties have been attributed to confounders such as co-morbidities and co-medications which patients typically have but animals don\u00b4t, but also to age and sex. Notably, female sex has been considered as protective per se. We have now, using our established and clinically relevant pig model of reperfused acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic preconditioning as the most robust cardioprotective intervention looked for sex-related differences of infarct size, no-reflow and cardioprotection by ischaemic preconditioning in a prospectively powered approach but found none such difference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T07:11:09Z","timestamp":1649920269000},"page":"561-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["No sex-related differences in infarct size, no-reflow, and protection by ischaemic pre-conditioning in G\u00f6ttingen minipigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Kleinbongard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen , Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Lieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen , Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Skyschally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen , Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Heusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen , Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033112432746900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0403-y","article-title":"Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection in perspective","volume":"17","author":"Heusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2023033112432746900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310820","article-title":"Critical issues for the translation of 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