{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:16:26Z","timestamp":1793643386670,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NHLBI R01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHLBI R01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL114120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL114120"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL131017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL131017"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL149137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL149137"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL134764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL134764"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We have shown that human cardiac muscle patches (hCMPs) containing three different types of cardiac cells\u2014cardiomyocytes (CMs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs), all of which were differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)\u2014significantly improved cardiac function, infarct size, and hypertrophy in a pig model of myocardial infarction (MI). However, hPSC-derived CMs (hPSC-CMs) are phenotypically immature, which may lead to arrhythmogenic concerns; thus, since hPSC-derived cardiac fibroblasts (hPSC-CFs) appear to enhance the maturity of hPSC-CMs, we compared hCMPs containing hPSC-CMs, -SMCs, -ECs, and -CFs (4TCC-hCMPs) with a second hCMP construct that lacked hPSC-CFs but was otherwise identical [hCMP containing hPSC-CMs, -AECs, and -SMCs (3TCC-hCMPs)].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>hCMPs were generated in a fibrin scaffold. MI was induced in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice through permanent coronary artery (left anterior descending) ligation, followed by treatment with cardiac muscle patches. Animal groups included: MI heart treated with 3TCC-hCMP; with 4TCC-hCMP; MI heart treated with no patch (MI group) and sham group. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography, and cell engraftment rate and infarct size were evaluated histologically at 4 weeks after patch transplantation. The results from experiments in cultured hCMPs demonstrate that the inclusion of cardiac fibroblast in 4TCC-hCMPs had (i) better organized sarcomeres; (ii) abundant structural, metabolic, and ion-channel markers of CM maturation; and (iii) greater conduction velocities (31 \u00b1 3.23 cm\/s, P &amp;lt; 0.005) and action-potential durations (APD50 = 365 ms \u00b1 2.649, P &amp;lt; 0.0001; APD = 408 ms \u00b1 2.757, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) than those (velocity and APD time) in 3TCC-hCMPs. Furthermore, 4TCC-hCMPs transplantation resulted in better cardiac function [ejection fraction (EF) = 49.18% \u00b1 0.86, P &amp;lt; 0.05], reduced infarct size (22.72% \u00b1 0.98, P &amp;lt; 0.05), and better engraftment (15.99% \u00b1 1.56, P &amp;lt; 0.05) when compared with 3TCC-hCMPs (EF = 41.55 \u00b1 0.92%, infarct size = 39.23 \u00b1 4.28%, and engraftment = 8.56 \u00b1 1.79%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Collectively, these observations suggest that the inclusion of hPSC-CFs during hCMP manufacture promotes hPSC-CM maturation and increases the potency of implanted hCMPs for improving cardiac recovery in mice model of MI.<\/jats:p>\n               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