{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:12:22Z","timestamp":1793671942384,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified into five stages with kidney failure being the most severe stage (stage G5). CKD conveys a high risk for coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Cardiovascular complications are the most common causes of death in patients with kidney failure (stage G5) who are maintained on regular dialysis treatment. Because of the high death rate attributable to cardiovascular (CV) disease, most patients with progressive CKD die before reaching kidney failure. Classical risk factors implicated in CV disease are involved in the early stages of CKD. In intermediate and late stages, non-traditional risk factors, including iso-osmotic and non-osmotic sodium retention, volume expansion, anaemia, inflammation, malnutrition, sympathetic overactivity, mineral bone disorders, accumulation of a class of endogenous compounds called \u2018uremic toxins\u2019, and a variety of hormonal disorders are the main factors that accelerate the progression of CV disease in these patients. Arterial disease in CKD patients is characterized by an almost unique propensity to calcification and vascular stiffness. Left ventricular hypertrophy, a major risk factor for heart failure, occurs early in CKD and reaches a prevalence of 70\u201380% in patients with kidney failure. Recent clinical trials have shown the potential benefits of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, especially as an oral agent in CKD patients. Likewise, the value of proactively administered intravenous iron for safely treating anaemia in dialysis patients has been shown. Sodium\/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are now fully emerged as a class of drugs that substantially reduces the risk for CV complications in patients who are already being treated with adequate doses of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system. Concerted efforts are being made by major scientific societies to advance basic and clinical research on CV disease in patients with CKD, a research area that remains insufficiently explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T05:41:55Z","timestamp":1685425315000},"page":"2017-2032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":381,"title":["Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: a review from the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine Working Group of the European Renal Association"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Research Institute, 315 E, 62nd St. , New York, NY 10065 , USA"},{"name":"Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia e Trapianto Renale (IPNET) c\/o Nefrologia e CNR, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano , Contrada Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino Avellino , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mallamaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Reggio Cal and CNR-IFC , Via Giuseppe Melacrino 21, 89124 Reggio Calabria , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Adamczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Francuska 20-24 St. 40-027 Katowice , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Bueno","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp) , Campinas , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad A","family":"Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambroise Par\u00e9 University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne Billancourt\/Paris, and INSERM U-1018, Centre de recherche en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et sant\u00e9 des populations (CESP), Equipe 5, Paris-Saclay University (PSU) and University of Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), FCRIN INI-CRCT , Villejuif , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis","family":"Sarafidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. 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