{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:52:24Z","timestamp":1792371144543,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In an ageing society, the importance of maintaining healthy life expectancy has been emphasized. As a result of age-related decline in functional reserve, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability and susceptibility to adverse health outcomes with a serious impact on healthy life expectancy. The decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, also known as sarcopenia, is key in the development of physical frailty. Both frailty and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in patients not only with advanced age but also in patients with illnesses that exacerbate their progression like heart failure (HF), cancer, or dementia, with the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia in HF patients reaching up to 50\u201375% and 19.5\u201347.3%, respectively, resulting in 1.5\u20133 times higher 1-year mortality. The biological mechanisms of frailty and sarcopenia are multifactorial, complex, and not yet fully elucidated, ranging from DNA damage, proteostasis impairment, and epigenetic changes to mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and environmental factors, many of which are further linked to cardiac disease. Currently, there is no gold standard for the treatment of frailty and sarcopenia, however, growing evidence supports that a combination of exercise training and nutritional supplement improves skeletal muscle function and frailty, with a variety of other therapies being devised based on the underlying pathophysiology. In this review, we address the involvement of frailty and sarcopenia in cardiac disease and describe the latest insights into their biological mechanisms as well as the potential for intervention through exercise, diet, and specific therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1714637119000},"page":"982-998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Biological basis and treatment of frailty and sarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0724-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical Center , Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site G\u00f6ttingen , G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Vatic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical Center , Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site G\u00f6ttingen , G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Wesley","family":"Peixoto da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo, SP , Brazil"},{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan D","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charit\u00e9; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin , Berlin , Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical Center , Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site G\u00f6ttingen , G\u00f6ttingen , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B2","volume-title":"An Aging World: 2015","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa219","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies","volume":"50","author":"O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-008-9131-0","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness","volume":"9","author":"Ryall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12483","article-title":"Sarcopenia: a time for action. An SCWD position paper","volume":"10","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1926","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of the coexistence of multiple frailty domains in elderly patients with heart failure: the FRAGILE-HF cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Matsue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2011","article-title":"Cachexia, muscle wasting, and frailty in cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Bielecka-Dabrowa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12925","article-title":"Effects of Vivifrail multicomponent intervention on functional capacity: a multicentre, randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Casas-Herrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1611","article-title":"Heart Failure Association\/European Society of Cardiology position paper on frailty in patients with heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Vitale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12803","article-title":"Prognostic score based on physical frailty in patients with heart failure: a multicenter prospective cohort study (FLAGSHIP)","volume":"12","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl041","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale","volume":"35","author":"Rolfson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab468","article-title":"Frailty and cardiovascular outcomes in the National Health and Aging Trends Study","volume":"42","author":"Damluji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.032","article-title":"Frailty and risk for heart failure in older adults: the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"166","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.04.002","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with the presence, incidence, and progression of coronary artery calcification","volume":"37","author":"Jun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307156","article-title":"Relationship between low relative muscle mass and coronary artery calcification in healthy adults","volume":"36","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.018","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase activity are modulated by adaptive responses to physical exercise in human skeletal muscle","volume":"51","author":"Radak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx258","article-title":"Frailty syndrome and genomic instability in older adults: suitability of the cytome micronucleus assay as a diagnostic tool","volume":"73","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.027","article-title":"Telomere length of circulating leukocytes is decreased in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"49","author":"van der Harst","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-018-9749-5","article-title":"A review of telomere length in sarcopenia and frailty","volume":"19","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082669","article-title":"Oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and apoptosis associated to sarcopenia and frailty in patients with multimorbidity","volume":"9","author":"Bernabeu-Wittel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12971","article-title":"Association of shorter leucocyte telomere length with risk of frailty","volume":"13","author":"Bountziouka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00996","article-title":"Age-related DNA methylation changes: potential impact on skeletal muscle aging in humans","volume":"10","author":"Gensous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12478","article-title":"Differentially methylated gene patterns between age-matched sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic women","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10980","article-title":"Hsp72 preserves muscle function and slows progression of severe muscular dystrophy","volume":"484","author":"Gehrig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00528.2001","article-title":"Exercise-induced elevation of HSP70 is intensity dependent","volume":"93","author":"Milne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12034","article-title":"Skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure: differential effects on quadriceps and diaphragm","volume":"6","author":"Mangner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.10.026","article-title":"Myocardial expression of Murf-1 and MAFbx after induction of chronic heart failure: effect on myocardial contractility","volume":"73","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-005-1473-8","article-title":"Contributions of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and apoptosis to human skeletal muscle wasting with age","volume":"450","author":"Whitman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pflugers Archiv"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.7.663","article-title":"Atrogin-1\/MAFbx and MuRF1 are downregulated in aging-related loss of skeletal muscle","volume":"61","author":"Edstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2006.07.005","article-title":"Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"127","author":"Clavel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu004","article-title":"Downregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and mitophagy-related genes in skeletal muscle of physically inactive, frail older women: a cross-sectional comparison","volume":"69","author":"Drummond","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.018","article-title":"Overweight in elderly people induces impaired autophagy in skeletal muscle","volume":"110","author":"Potes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.4.7962","article-title":"Localized accumulation of oxidative stress causes muscle atrophy through activation of an autophagic pathway","volume":"5","author":"Aucello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1574","article-title":"The role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress","volume":"13","author":"Nakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080875","article-title":"Functional significance and morphological characterization of starvation-induced autophagy in the adult heart","volume":"174","author":"Kanamori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00212-7","article-title":"Hormonal profile in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"87","author":"Kontoleon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03236-y","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly","volume":"21","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln026","article-title":"Multiple hormonal deficiencies in anabolic hormones are found in frail older women: the Women\u2019s Health and Aging studies","volume":"64","author":"Cappola","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152420","article-title":"Growth hormone secretory capacity is associated with cardiac morphology and function in overweight and obese patients: a controlled, cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Gangitano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00626-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases","volume":"18","author":"Amorim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn184","article-title":"Cardiac mitochondria in heart failure: decrease in respirasomes and oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"80","author":"Rosca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/11.3.298","article-title":"Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Harman","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00101-6","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Keith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030769","article-title":"Salivary oxidative stress increases with the progression of chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Klimiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51298-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in blood cells is associated with disease severity and exercise intolerance in heart failure patients","volume":"9","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra47","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002712","article-title":"Perinuclear mitochondrial clustering creates an oxidant-rich nuclear domain required for hypoxia-induced transcription","volume":"5","author":"Al-Mehdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.08.011","article-title":"Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress","volume":"6","author":"Schulz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.401","article-title":"UCP2 regulates energy metabolism and differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2007.03.005","article-title":"A common variant of the p16(INK4a) genetic region is associated with physical function in older people","volume":"128","author":"Melzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142447","article-title":"A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease","volume":"316","author":"McPherson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030671","article-title":"Immune clearance of senescent cells to combat ageing and chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3710","article-title":"Inducible depletion of satellite cells in adult, sedentary mice impairs muscle regenerative capacity without affecting sarcopenia","volume":"21","author":"Fry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43577","article-title":"Exercise protects proliferative muscle satellite cells against exhaustion via the Igfbp7-Akt-mTOR axis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2325","article-title":"Circulating levels of inflammatory markers predict change in bone mineral density and resorption in older adults: a longitudinal study","volume":"93","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M326","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.5.M326","article-title":"Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC study","volume":"57","author":"Visser","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1482","article-title":"The clinical significance of interleukin-6 in heart failure: results from the BIOSTAT-CHF study","volume":"21","author":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0660-3","article-title":"Role of inflammation in heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Shirazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.07.028","article-title":"Angiotensin II-induced pro-fibrotic effects require p38MAPK activity and transforming growth factor beta 1 expression in skeletal muscle cells","volume":"44","author":"Morales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1271855","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and smoking-related DNA methylation are associated with the development of frailty among older adults","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-011-0308-7","article-title":"Impact of smoking on inflammation: overview of molecular mechanisms","volume":"60","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072349","article-title":"Nutrition and frailty: opportunities for prevention and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Ni Lochlainn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12964","article-title":"Gut microbes and muscle function: can probiotics make our muscles stronger?","volume":"13","author":"Giron","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise: strategies to manage frailty","volume":"35","author":"Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.03.004","article-title":"The impact of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on frailty levels","volume":"180","author":"Kehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1196-8","article-title":"Exercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic umbrella review","volume":"23","author":"Beckw\u00e9e","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1838","article-title":"Improving exercise capacity and quality of life using non-invasive heart failure treatments: evidence from clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"von Haehling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068788","article-title":"Multicomponent intervention to prevent mobility disability in frail older adults: randomised controlled trial (SPRINTT project)","volume":"377","author":"Bernabei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.04.010","article-title":"Weight loss and resting energy expenditure in male patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832cdb0f","article-title":"Nutrition in heart failure: an update","volume":"12","author":"Sandek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533613507607","article-title":"The role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of aging","volume":"28","author":"Beasley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12264","article-title":"Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.078","article-title":"Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study","volume":"54","author":"Caminiti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt187","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement therapy prevents sarcopenia by a dual mechanism: improvement of protein balance and of antioxidant defenses","volume":"69","author":"Brioche","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000149746.62908.BB","article-title":"Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"110","author":"Nagaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E745","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00271.2005","article-title":"Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle protein synthesis is modulated by insulin-induced changes in muscle blood flow and amino acid availability","volume":"291","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14927","article-title":"Treatment of sarcopenia with bimagrumab: results from a phase II, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study","volume":"65","author":"Rooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.155","article-title":"2O growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) neutralization reverses cancer cachexia, restores physical performance and mitigates emesis associated with platinum-based chemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12408","article-title":"Recent developments in the field of cachexia, sarcopenia, and muscle wasting: highlights from the 11th Cachexia Conference","volume":"10","author":"Ebner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0225-2","article-title":"Psychometric properties of multicomponent tools designed to assess frailty in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Sutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0053-7","article-title":"Differences in proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes: assessing health and functional status among medicare beneficiaries","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs021","article-title":"The impact of frailty and delirium on mortality in older inpatients","volume":"41","author":"Eeles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000860","article-title":"Long-term association between frailty and health-related quality of life among survivors of critical illness: a prospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12502","article-title":"Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance predicting activities of daily living: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12651","article-title":"Sarcopenia: prevalence, associated factors, and the risk of mortality and disability in Japanese older adults","volume":"12","author":"Kitamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs381","article-title":"Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"34","author":"F\u00fclster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.135","article-title":"Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life","volume":"222","author":"Bekfani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12193","article-title":"Muscle wasting in young patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Hajahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12209","article-title":"Anorexia, functional capacity, and clinical outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"4","author":"Saitoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12936","article-title":"Muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional capacity in patients with heart failure of Chagas disease and other aetiologies","volume":"7","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2794","article-title":"Bone status in men with heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure","volume":"25","author":"Loncar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.006","article-title":"Sarcopenia and endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Comorbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"18","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12603","article-title":"Muscle wasting as an independent predictor of survival in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"von Haehling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12147","article-title":"Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Anker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.015","article-title":"Differences among skeletal muscle mass indices derived from height-, weight-, and body mass index-adjusted models in assessing sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x","article-title":"Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability","volume":"50","author":"Janssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x","article-title":"Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function","volume":"51","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000802","article-title":"The fatter, the better in old age: the current understanding of a difficult relationship","volume":"25","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B102","first-page":"84","article-title":"Discriminating sarcopenia in overweight\/obese male patients with heart failure: the influence of body mass index","volume":"7","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B103","first-page":"29","article-title":"Operationalization of the physical frailty & sarcopenia syndrome: rationale and clinical implementation","volume":"13","author":"Marzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Med UniSa"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00102","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000102","article-title":"Sex differences in the association between frailty and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Fozouni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20406223211026996","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223211026996","article-title":"Relationship between sarcopenia\/myosteatosis and frailty in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: a sex-stratified analysis","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.01.003","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in frail and pre-frail older adults: results from a meta-analysis and exploratory meta-regression analysis","volume":"35","author":"Veronese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab850","article-title":"Frailty and cardiovascular mortality in more than 3 million US veterans","volume":"43","author":"Shrauner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.11.017","article-title":"Identification of frailty in chronic heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Sze","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.518","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of frailty and its components in non-dependent elderly patients with heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Vid\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.09.057","article-title":"Physical frailty phenotype and the development of geriatric syndromes in older adults with coronary heart disease","volume":"134","author":"Damluji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188650","article-title":"Relative muscle mass and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.013","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx094","article-title":"Is sarcopenia associated with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"46","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.10.012","article-title":"Sex differences in the prevalence and prognostic impact of physical frailty and sarcopenia among older patients with heart failure","volume":"32","author":"Maeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13885","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and frailty status in heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction","volume":"9","author":"Hamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B116","first-page":"958","article-title":"Cardiovascular dysfunction and frailty among older adults in the community: the ARIC study","volume":"72","author":"Nadruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1358-8","article-title":"Cardiac manifestations of sarcopenia","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12581","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heart failure and frailty: a common inflammatory origin?","volume":"16","author":"Bellumkonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","article-title":"The hallmarks of aging","volume":"153","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111244","article-title":"The environment as a determinant of successful aging or frailty","volume":"188","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102284","article-title":"Exercise as a therapeutic strategy for sarcopenia in heart failure: insights into underlying mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036259","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"139","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9166-6","article-title":"Role of autophagy in heart failure associated with aging","volume":"15","author":"De Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.04.003","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement delays the progression of chronic heart failure combined with growth hormone deficiency: an extension of a randomized controlled single-blind study","volume":"1","author":"Cittadini","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.09.035","article-title":"Cause or casualty: the role of mitochondrial DNA in aging and age-associated disease","volume":"1865","author":"Chocron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00347.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and apoptotic susceptibility in aging skeletal muscle","volume":"7","author":"Chabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.12.044","article-title":"Mitochondrial targeted antioxidant peptide ameliorates hypertensive cardiomyopathy","volume":"58","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.0115","article-title":"Crosstalk and interplay between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy","volume":"40","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9751-7","article-title":"Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia","volume":"43","author":"Gumucio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13430","article-title":"Does renin-angiotensin system inhibition have impacts on muscle mass and bone mineral density in heart failure patients?","volume":"8","author":"Katano","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01712","article-title":"GDF15 and growth control","volume":"9","author":"Emmerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12823","article-title":"Changes in systemic GDF15 across the adult lifespan and their impact on maximal muscle power: the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study","volume":"12","author":"Alcazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.260570","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts all-cause morbidity and mortality in stable coronary heart disease","volume":"63","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.928846","article-title":"Serial measurement of growth-differentiation factor-15 in heart failure: relation to disease severity and prognosis in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial","volume":"122","author":"Anand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B136","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Growth-differentiation factor-15 predicts adverse cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12301","article-title":"Towards a multi-marker prognostic strategy in acute heart failure: a role for GDF-15","volume":"5","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071073","article-title":"Neutralization of GDF15 prevents anorexia and weight loss in the monocrotaline-induced cardiac cachexia rat model","volume":"11","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00027-4","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in anorexia and bulimia nervosa","volume":"23","author":"Brambilla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5488.2363","article-title":"NF-kappaB-induced loss of MyoD messenger RNA: possible role in muscle decay and cachexia","volume":"289","author":"Guttridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/rr67","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and muscle wasting: a cellular perspective","volume":"2","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suz240","article-title":"Sarcopaenia complicating heart failure","volume":"21","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2009.04.001","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in heart failure revisited: much more than innocent bystanders","volume":"5","author":"von Haehling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Fail Clin"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804615","article-title":"DNA damage, aging, and cancer","volume":"361","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10760","article-title":"The DNA damage response and cancer therapy","volume":"481","author":"Lord","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.04.005","article-title":"Genome instability in Alzheimer disease","volume":"161","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.153692","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in accelerated aging syndromes","volume":"101","author":"Capell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16187","article-title":"Autophagy maintains stemness by preventing senescence","volume":"529","author":"Garc\u00eda-Prat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.15","article-title":"2009 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine: telomeres and telomerase","volume":"29","author":"Varela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg011","article-title":"Telomere dysfunction: a potential cancer predisposition factor","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01574.x","article-title":"Telomere shortening occurs in Asian Indian type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"22","author":"Adaikalakoteswari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1126\/science.293.5532.1103","article-title":"Genes, genetics, and epigenetics: a correspondence","volume":"293","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190717152739","article-title":"From healthy aging to frailty: in search of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Brivio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00835.x","article-title":"Epigenetic variation during the adult lifespan: cross-sectional and longitudinal data on monozygotic twin pairs","volume":"11","author":"Talens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600584","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600584","article-title":"Epigenetics and aging","volume":"2","author":"Pal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt531","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in DNA methylation with age: an epigenome-wide analysis revealing over 60 novel age-associated CpG sites","volume":"23","author":"Florath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.001","article-title":"Histone demethylase UTX-1 regulates C. elegans life span by targeting the insulin\/IGF-1 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B159","first-page":"549","article-title":"Micromanaging aging with miRNAs: new messages from the nuclear envelope","volume":"2","author":"Ugalde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleus (Austin, Tex)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2485-1","article-title":"Emerging role of microRNAs in mTOR signaling","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-033955","article-title":"The biology of proteostasis in aging and disease","volume":"84","author":"Labbadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.052308.114844","article-title":"Biological and chemical approaches to diseases of proteostasis deficiency","volume":"78","author":"Powers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10317","article-title":"Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis","volume":"475","author":"Hartl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1159\/000225957","article-title":"The shock of aging: molecular chaperones and the heat shock response in longevity and aging\u2014a mini-review","volume":"55","author":"Calderwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165946","article-title":"Stress-inducible regulation of heat shock factor 1 by the deacetylase SIRT1","volume":"323","author":"Westerheide","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100696","article-title":"Dysregulation of SIRT-1 in aging mice increases skeletal muscle fatigue by a PARP-1-dependent mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v023a08","article-title":"Inflammatory and catabolic signalling in intervertebral discs: the roles of NF-\u03baB and MAP kinases","volume":"23","author":"Wuertz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.036","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"45","author":"Schakman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-2-20","article-title":"P38\u03b2 MAPK upregulates atrogin1\/MAFbx by specific phosphorylation of C\/EBP\u03b2","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207129200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-regulated biphasic activation of NF-kappa B is required for cytokine-induced loss of skeletal muscle gene products","volume":"278","author":"Ladner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7410","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209086","article-title":"FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression","volume":"24","author":"Greer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene","volume":"295","author":"Waddell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00400-3","article-title":"Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Sandri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00211-4","article-title":"The IGF-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors","volume":"14","author":"Stitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00142.2010","article-title":"Posttranscriptional mechanisms involving microRNA-27a and b contribute to fast-specific and glucocorticoid-mediated myostatin expression in skeletal muscle","volume":"300","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151270098","article-title":"Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth","volume":"98","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.001","article-title":"Crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor and nutritional sensor mTOR in skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010229","article-title":"Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 15 integrated autophagy and gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose homeostasis under 20-hydroxyecdysone regulation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25260","article-title":"Autophagy as a potential target for sarcopenia","volume":"231","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9598-4","article-title":"Muscle-specificity of age-related changes in markers of autophagy and sphingolipid metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Russ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.06.012","article-title":"High mTORC1 signaling is maintained, while protein degradation pathways are perturbed in old murine skeletal muscles in the fasted state","volume":"78","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620409","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.620409","article-title":"Assessing autophagy in muscle stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Campanario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.008","article-title":"Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass","volume":"10","author":"Masiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2022.2049045","article-title":"GCN2 upregulates autophagy in response to short-term deprivation of a single essential amino acid","volume":"1","author":"Maurin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy Rep"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","article-title":"Foxo3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Mammucari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42013-9","article-title":"Effects of insulin, glucose, and amino acids on protein turnover in rat diaphragm","volume":"250","author":"Fulks","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.06.009","article-title":"AKT\/PKB signaling: navigating downstream","volume":"129","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20757","article-title":"Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent, FoxO1\u2013dependent mechanism","volume":"209","author":"McFarlane","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.229","article-title":"Vitamin D attenuates FOXO1-target atrophy gene expression in C2C12 muscle cells","volume":"64","author":"Hirose","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B192","first-page":"583","article-title":"Effects of testosterone supplementation for 3 years on muscle performance and physical function in older men","volume":"102","author":"Storer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682012","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.682012","article-title":"Sarcopenia and menopause: the role of estradiol","volume":"12","author":"Geraci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00904","article-title":"Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres","volume":"418","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.04.005","article-title":"PGC-1alpha in aging and anti-aging interventions","volume":"1790","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607795103","article-title":"PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription","volume":"103","author":"Sandri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00318.2009","article-title":"Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans","volume":"298","author":"Costford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0576-y","article-title":"Multi-regulatory network of ROS: the interconnection of ROS, PGC-1 alpha, and AMPK-SIRT1 during exercise","volume":"73","author":"Thirupathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.045104","article-title":"Depressed mitochondrial transcription factors and oxidative capacity in rat failing cardiac and skeletal muscles","volume":"551","author":"Garnier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.031","article-title":"The role of E3 ubiquitin-ligases MuRF-1 and MAFbx in loss of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"98","author":"Rom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00208-1","article-title":"Age-dependent increases in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins in human skeletal muscle","volume":"26","author":"Mecocci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4617801","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4617801","article-title":"Changes in redox signaling in the skeletal muscle with aging","volume":"2019","author":"Szentesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0348-1","article-title":"Radical oxygen species, exercise and aging: an update","volume":"45","author":"Bouzid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.028","article-title":"A free radical theory of frailty","volume":"124","author":"Vi\u00f1a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1971610","article-title":"The essence of senescence","volume":"24","author":"Kuilman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5349.349","article-title":"Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells","volume":"279","author":"Bodnar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81902-9","article-title":"Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a","volume":"88","author":"Serrano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142382","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants","volume":"316","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10600","article-title":"Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders","volume":"479","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs124","article-title":"Immune surveillance of senescent cells\u2014biological significance in cancer- and non-cancer pathologies","volume":"33","author":"Hoenicke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B211","first-page":"45","article-title":"Cell senescence: role in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"39","author":"Campisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip Top Gerontol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2018","article-title":"Cellular senescence: aging, cancer, and injury","volume":"99","author":"Calcinotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000382054","article-title":"Cellular senescence and the biology of aging, disease, and frailty","volume":"83","author":"LeBrasseur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev151837","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.151837","article-title":"Cellular senescence in development, regeneration and disease","volume":"146","author":"Rhinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development (Cambridge, England)"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.03.039","article-title":"Oncogene-induced senescence relayed by an interleukin-dependent inflammatory network","volume":"133","author":"Kuilman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12848","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12848","article-title":"The bystander effect contributes to the accumulation of senescent cells in vivo","volume":"18","author":"da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600143RR","article-title":"Exercise conditioning in old mice improves skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Joanisse","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12429","article-title":"Adapted physical exercise enhances activation and differentiation potential of satellite cells in the skeletal muscle of old mice","volume":"228","author":"Cisterna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x","article-title":"Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence","volume":"908","author":"Franceschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S168687","article-title":"Current and emerging biomarkers of frailty in the elderly","volume":"14","author":"Saedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00586","article-title":"Age and age-related diseases: role of inflammation triggers and cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Rea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2892-5","article-title":"Reversal of muscle atrophy by Zhimu and Huangbai herb pair via activation of IGF-1\/Akt and autophagy signal in cancer cachexia","volume":"24","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51608","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9958","article-title":"Combined administration of fucoidan ameliorates tumor and chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in bladder cancer-bearing mice","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2364com","article-title":"TNF-alpha acts via p38 MAPK to stimulate expression of the ubiquitin ligase atrogin1\/MAFbx in skeletal muscle","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111020","article-title":"Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"208","author":"Braun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01933-6","article-title":"Creatine supplementation in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats prevents skeletal muscle atrophy by attenuating systemic inflammation and protein degradation signaling","volume":"59","author":"Cella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199607000-00019","article-title":"Defective in vitro granulopoiesis in patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"40","author":"Vaisman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B228","first-page":"6280","article-title":"Mediation of anorexia by human recombinant tumor necrosis factor through a peripheral action in the rat","volume":"49","author":"Bodnar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000134373.16557.92","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta system in anorectic catabolic tumor-bearing rats","volume":"7","author":"Turrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(98)00136-1","article-title":"Interleukin-1alpha injection into ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of normal rats depresses food intake and increases release of dopamine and serotonin","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1327","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00457.2007","article-title":"Long-term AT1 receptor blockade improves metabolic function and provides renoprotection in Fischer-344 rats","volume":"293","author":"Gilliam-Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.158626","article-title":"Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative DNA damage accelerates cellular senescence in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells via telomere-dependent and independent pathways","volume":"102","author":"Herbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B233","first-page":"255","article-title":"Change of telomere length in angiotensin II-induced human glomerular mesangial cell senescence and the protective role of losartan","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0134-9","article-title":"Smoking as a predictor of frailty: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0162-x","article-title":"Rehabilitation nutrition for sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management","volume":"5","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33000","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in chronic heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2015.04.011","article-title":"Exercise and sarcopenia","volume":"18","author":"Phu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035","article-title":"Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise","volume":"132","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100042","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of muscle plasticity with exercise","volume":"1","author":"Hoppeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0715-2","article-title":"The \u201cSarcopenia and Physical frailty IN older people: multi-component Treatment strategies\u201d (SPRINTT) randomized controlled trial: design and methods","volume":"29","author":"Landi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682891","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.682891","article-title":"Causes and consequences of interindividual response variability: a call to apply a more rigorous research design in acute exercise-cognition studies","volume":"12","author":"Herold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B242","volume-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2019 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates","author":"UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0437-y","article-title":"Association of anorexia with sarcopenia in a community-dwelling elderly population: results from the ilSIRENTE study","volume":"52","author":"Landi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.08.008","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure and the effects of muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Studies Investigating Comorbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF)","volume":"14","author":"Tacke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000013","article-title":"The emerging biomolecular role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle","volume":"42","author":"Pojednic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12314","article-title":"Iron deficiency as energetic insult to skeletal muscle in chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dziegala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-011-0048-6","article-title":"Vitamin D in chronic heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Witham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B248","first-page":"e10840","article-title":"Role of vitamin D supplementation in heart failure patients with vitamin D deficiency and its effects on clinical outcomes: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Busa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.07.041","article-title":"Advances in muscle health and nutrition: a toolkit for healthcare professionals","volume":"41","author":"Prado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12922","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults","volume":"13","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29819","article-title":"Muscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling","volume":"92","author":"Atherton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01146-1","article-title":"The role of omega-3 in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Dupont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108170","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.108170","article-title":"Common limitations and challenges of dietary clinical trials for translation into clinical practices","volume":"19","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1146","article-title":"Treatment with insulin is associated with worse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Cosmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0611","article-title":"Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology","volume":"236","author":"Bloise","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0035-5","article-title":"The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Elkina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024073102410271200_cvae073-B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00915","article-title":"GDF15 plasma level is inversely associated with level of physical activity and correlates with markers of inflammation and muscle weakness","volume":"11","author":"Conte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvae073\/58060511\/cvae073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/120\/9\/982\/58682252\/cvae073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/120\/9\/982\/58682252\/cvae073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:51:01Z","timestamp":1722415861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article\/120\/9\/982\/7686777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvae073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6363","1755-3245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6363","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-3245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}