{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:38:43Z","timestamp":1789749523968,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NINDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAF211776-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAF211776-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007625","name":"Cure Alzheimer\u2019s Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Excessive salt consumption is a major health problem worldwide leading to serious cardiovascular events including hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. Additionally, high-salt diet has been increasingly associated with cognitive impairment in animal models and late-life dementia in humans. High-salt consumption is harmful for the cerebral vasculature, disrupts blood supply to the brain, and could contribute to Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Although animal models have advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, additional studies are needed to further elucidate the effects of salt on brain function. Furthermore, the association between excessive salt intake and cognitive impairment will have to be more thoroughly investigated in humans. Since the harmful effects of salt on the brain are independent by its effect on blood pressure, in this review, I will specifically discuss the evidence, available in experimental models and humans, on the effects of salt on vascular and cognitive function in the absence of changes in blood pressure. Given the strong effects of salt on the function of immune cells, I will also discuss the evidence linking salt consumption to gut immunity dysregulation with particular attention to the ability of salt to disrupt T helper 17 (Th17) cell homeostasis. Lastly, I will briefly discuss the data implicating IL-17A, the major cytokine produced by Th17 cells, in vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T15:21:22Z","timestamp":1729178482000},"page":"2349-2359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dietary salt, vascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Faraco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003733","article-title":"Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide","volume":"3","author":"Powles","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31376-X","article-title":"Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study","volume":"392","author":"Mente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127","article-title":"Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes","volume":"371","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14717","article-title":"Global cardiovascular diseases burden attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000047","article-title":"Salt Sensitivity of blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"68","author":"Elijovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Collaborators GBDRF","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group","volume":"344","author":"Sacks","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m315","article-title":"Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"368","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006032","article-title":"Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk","volume":"129","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab008","article-title":"A systematic review of salt reduction initiatives around the world: a midterm evaluation of progress towards the 2025 global non-communicable diseases salt reduction target","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105675","article-title":"Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death","volume":"385","author":"Neal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.013","article-title":"Effect of a salt substitute on incidence of hypertension and hypotension among normotensive adults","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04199-4","article-title":"Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: a prospective study","volume":"357","author":"Tuomilehto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0948-5","article-title":"The influence of dietary salt beyond blood pressure","volume":"21","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1159\/000355270","article-title":"The effect of high salt intake on endothelial function: reduced vascular nitric oxide in the absence of hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Boegehold","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Salt intake and stroke: a possible direct effect","volume":"6","author":"Perry","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000130425.50441.b0","article-title":"Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women","volume":"35","author":"Nagata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4567","article-title":"Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"339","author":"Strazzullo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011632","article-title":"Dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio as a risk factor for stroke, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in Japan: the NIPPON DATA80 cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Okayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020277","article-title":"Longitudinal change of perceived salt intake and stroke risk in a Chinese population","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03877-3","article-title":"Excessive salt intake accelerates the progression of cerebral small vessel disease in older adults","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.004","article-title":"Small vessel disease and dietary salt intake: cross-sectional study and systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Makin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191339","article-title":"Link between dietary sodium intake, cognitive function, and dementia risk in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.10.001","article-title":"Excessive dietary salt intake exacerbates cognitive impairment progression and increases dementia risk in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.9.2.157","article-title":"Endothelium-dependent vascular responses in normotensive and hypertensive Dahl rats","volume":"9","author":"Luscher","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000051643.05700.56","article-title":"Endothelin-induced increases in Ca2+ entry mechanisms of vascular contraction are enhanced during high-salt diet","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H575","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00331.2003","article-title":"Effect of high-salt diet on NO release and superoxide production in rat aorta","volume":"286","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H929","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00692.2005","article-title":"Role of superoxide and angiotensin II suppression in salt-induced changes in endothelial Ca2+ signaling and NO production in rat aorta","volume":"291","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00968","article-title":"Inflammasome-independent NALP3 contributes to high-salt induced endothelial dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B31","first-page":"H1810","article-title":"Effect of dietary salt on arteriolar nitric oxide in striated muscle of normotensive rats","volume":"264","author":"Boegehold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1550","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00703.2006","article-title":"High salt intake reduces endothelium-dependent dilation of mouse arterioles via superoxide anion generated from nitric oxide synthase","volume":"292","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B33","first-page":"H1407","article-title":"Flow-dependent arteriolar dilation in normotensive rats fed low- or high-salt diets","volume":"269","author":"Boegehold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B34","first-page":"H2095","article-title":"High dietary salt alters arteriolar myogenic responsiveness in normotensive and hypertensive rats","volume":"275","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B35","first-page":"H1946","article-title":"Limitation of arteriolar myogenic activity by local nitric oxide: segment-specific effect of dietary salt","volume":"277","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H7","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.1.H7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species may contribute to reduced endothelium-dependent dilation in rats fed high salt","volume":"279","author":"Lenda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H395","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.0354.2001","article-title":"Effect of a high-salt diet on oxidant enzyme activity in skeletal muscle microcirculation","volume":"282","author":"Lenda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2009.00014.x","article-title":"Decreased arteriolar tetrahydrobiopterin is linked to superoxide generation from nitric oxide synthase in mice fed high salt","volume":"17","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000048992","article-title":"Effect of a high salt diet on microvascular antioxidant enzymes","volume":"39","author":"Lenda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1998.2105","article-title":"Chronic elevations in salt intake and reduced renal mass hypertension compromise mechanisms of arteriolar dilation","volume":"56","author":"Frisbee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1998.2138","article-title":"Acute elevations in salt intake and reduced renal mass hypertension compromise arteriolar dilation in rat cremaster muscle","volume":"57","author":"Frisbee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/725310756","article-title":"Development and reversibility of altered skeletal muscle arteriolar structure and reactivity with high salt diet and reduced renal mass hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Frisbee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1159\/000102955","article-title":"Effect of high-salt diet on vascular relaxation and oxidative stress in mesenteric resistance arteries","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00202.2011","article-title":"Acute and chronic angiotensin-(1-7) restores vasodilation and reduces oxidative stress in mesenteric arteries of salt-fed rats","volume":"301","author":"Raffai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-0921-x","article-title":"TRPV1 activation prevents high-salt diet-induced nocturnal hypertension in mice","volume":"461","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00109.2010","article-title":"Statins reverse renal inflammation and endothelial dysfunction induced by chronic high salt intake","volume":"301","author":"Fiore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12397","article-title":"ET-1 increases reactive oxygen species following hypoxia and high-salt diet in the mouse glomerulus","volume":"213","author":"Heimlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H353","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00127.2002","article-title":"High-salt diet depresses acetylcholine reactivity proximal to NOS activation in cerebral arteries","volume":"283","author":"Sylvester","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00835.2002","article-title":"High-salt diet impairs vascular relaxation mechanisms in rat middle cerebral arteries","volume":"284","author":"Lombard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.2.686","article-title":"Loss of endothelium and receptor-mediated dilation in pial arterioles of rats fed a short-term high salt diet","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328347050e","article-title":"High salt intake abolishes AT(2)-mediated vasodilation of pial arterioles in rats","volume":"29","author":"Foulquier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpt015","article-title":"Low-dose angiotensin II infusion restores vascular function in cerebral arteries of high salt-fed rats by increasing copper\/zinc superoxide dimutase expression","volume":"26","author":"Durand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0059-z","article-title":"Dietary salt promotes neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction through a gut-initiated TH17 response","volume":"21","author":"Faraco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.88.6.600","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-1 participates in selected vasodilator responses of the cerebral circulation","volume":"88","author":"Niwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272297","article-title":"Attenuated flow-induced dilatation of middle cerebral arteries is related to increased vascular oxidative stress in rats on a short-term high salt diet","volume":"594","author":"Cosic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00937.2005","article-title":"Endothelial influences on cerebrovascular tone","volume":"100","author":"Andresen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2022.tb00220.x","article-title":"Endothelial cells and the cerebral circulation","volume":"12","author":"Lansdell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251542998","article-title":"Cholinergic dilation of cerebral blood vessels is abolished in M(5) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice","volume":"98","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function","volume":"33","author":"Forstermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.109868","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular effects of acute salt loading in young normotensive individuals","volume":"51","author":"Tzemos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01197.2011","article-title":"Sex differences in salt sensitivity to nitric oxide dependent vasodilation in healthy young adults","volume":"112","author":"Eisenach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.05.004","article-title":"Salt loading has a more deleterious effect on flow-mediated dilation in salt-resistant men than women","volume":"24","author":"Lennon-Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.236992","article-title":"Dietary sodium loading impairs microvascular function independent of blood pressure in humans: role of oxidative stress","volume":"590","author":"Greaney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.4.1619","article-title":"Nitric oxide and neurally mediated regulation of skin blood flow during local heating","volume":"91","author":"Minson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835c6ca8","article-title":"High dietary sodium intake impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy salt-resistant humans","volume":"31","author":"DuPont","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14585","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14585","article-title":"A high salt meal does not impair cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy young adults","volume":"8","author":"Migdal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006155","article-title":"Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects","volume":"93","author":"Dickinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.105197","article-title":"Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Blanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200301000-00025","article-title":"Nitric oxide production decreases after salt loading but is not related to blood pressure changes or nitric oxide-mediated vascular responses","volume":"21","author":"Dishy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00391-X","article-title":"Impairment of the nitric oxide-mediated vasodilator response to mental stress in hypertensive but not in hypercholesterolemic patients","volume":"32","author":"Cardillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26856","article-title":"Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans","volume":"89","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003645","article-title":"High dietary salt intake attenuates nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increases oxidative stress in pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Vulin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030843","article-title":"Enhanced antioxidative defense by vitamins c and e consumption prevents 7-day high-salt diet-induced microvascular endothelial function impairment in young healthy individuals","volume":"9","author":"Baric","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1159\/000501747","article-title":"Seven-day salt loading impairs microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation without changes in blood pressure, body composition and fluid status in healthy young humans","volume":"44","author":"Baric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000852","article-title":"Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure","volume":"34","author":"Cavka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00254.2003","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase inhibition does not alter the reactive hyperemic response in the cutaneous circulation","volume":"95","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707791104","article-title":"Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release","volume":"104","author":"Oberleithner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-0999-1","article-title":"Salt overload damages the glycocalyx sodium barrier of vascular endothelium","volume":"462","author":"Oberleithner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B79","first-page":"6","article-title":"Reviewing the effects of dietary salt on cognition: mechanisms and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Kendig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.177980","article-title":"A high-salt diet further impairs age-associated declines in cognitive, behavioral, and cardiovascular functions in male Fischer brown Norway rats","volume":"143","author":"Chugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95780","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21326","article-title":"High salt induced hypertension leads to cognitive defect","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B82","first-page":"250","article-title":"Age differences in the impact of dietary salt on metabolism, blood pressure and cognitive function in male rats","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.04.010","article-title":"High-salt diet enhances hippocampal oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700134","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700134","article-title":"High salt diet impairs memory-related synaptic plasticity via increased oxidative stress and suppressed synaptic protein expression","volume":"61","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1688-z","article-title":"Dietary salt promotes cognitive impairment through tau phosphorylation","volume":"574","author":"Faraco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077579","article-title":"Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat","volume":"93","author":"Barnes","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.170","article-title":"Assessing nest building in mice","volume":"1","author":"Deacon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00627-5","article-title":"Aberrant Cdk5 activation by p25 triggers pathological events leading to neurodegeneration and neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"40","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/45159","article-title":"Conversion of p35 to p25 deregulates Cdk5 activity and promotes neurodegeneration","volume":"402","author":"Patrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309686","article-title":"Loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase promotes p25 generation and tau phosphorylation in a murine model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"119","author":"Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10305","article-title":"Mechanistic role of the calcium-dependent protease calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by MPO (myeloperoxidase)","volume":"71","author":"Etwebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00271","article-title":"High salt intake lowers behavioral inhibition","volume":"13","author":"Gilman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57998-9","article-title":"Dietary salt promotes cognition impairment through GLP-1R\/mTOR\/p70S6K signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200035","article-title":"High salt elicits brain inflammation and cognitive dysfunction, accompanied by alternations in the gut microbiota and decreased SCFA production","volume":"77","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21244","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001890R","article-title":"Maternal high-salt diet during pregnancy impairs synaptic plasticity and memory in offspring","volume":"35","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000297751","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and associated factors among the elderly in the Shanghai suburb: findings from a low-education population","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-007-0036-8","article-title":"The relationship between nutrient intake and cognitive performance in people at risk of dementia","volume":"176","author":"Salerno-Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B98","first-page":"191","article-title":"Electrolytes and cognitive function in the elderly: relationship between serum sodium and chloride concentrations and psychometric test scores","volume":"40","author":"Rondanelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.07.004","article-title":"Sodium intake and physical activity impact cognitive maintenance in older adults: the NuAge study","volume":"33","author":"Fiocco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13198","article-title":"An examination of the association of cognitive functioning, adherence to sodium restriction and Na\/K ratios in Korean heart failure patients","volume":"25","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021001452","article-title":"Association between 24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio and mild cognitive impairment in community-based general population","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-013-0002-7","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive function, depressive behaviour and sleep quality with 24-h urinary sodium excretion in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Afsar","year":"2013","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000149431.79450.a2","article-title":"Plasma sodium: ignored and underestimated","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07400717","article-title":"Serum sodium and cognition in older community-dwelling men","volume":"13","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad007","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad007","article-title":"Serum sodium, cognition and incident dementia in the general population","volume":"52","author":"van der Burgh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02260-4","article-title":"Serum sodium in relation to various domains of cognitive function in the elderly US population","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12468","article-title":"Mild hyponatremia is associated with impaired cognition and falls in community-dwelling older persons","volume":"61","author":"Gunathilake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv081","article-title":"Hypertension, dietary sodium, and cognitive decline: results from the women's health initiative memory study","volume":"29","author":"Haring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0766-2","article-title":"Association between dietary sodium intake and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Rush","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1326-5","article-title":"Diet quality and cognitive function in mid-aged and older men and women","volume":"19","author":"Milte","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000486580","article-title":"Dietary sodium\/potassium intake does not affect cognitive function or brain imaging indices","volume":"47","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170917","article-title":"Assessment of the mid-life demographic and lifestyle risk factors of dementia using data from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2023.0119","article-title":"Effect of dietary habits on Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"65","author":"Ahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.26.12230","article-title":"Osmotic regulation of cytokine synthesis in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Shapiro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B115","first-page":"190","article-title":"Hypertonic saline enhances cellular immune function","volume":"42","author":"Junger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11868","article-title":"Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells","volume":"496","author":"Kleinewietfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11984","article-title":"Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1","volume":"496","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.003","article-title":"Cutaneous Na+ storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense","volume":"21","author":"Jantsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80919","article-title":"High salt reduces the activation of IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated macrophages","volume":"125","author":"Binger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81151","article-title":"Sodium chloride inhibits the suppressive function of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"125","author":"Hernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014090914","article-title":"Salt accelerates allograft rejection through serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1-dependent inhibition of regulatory T cells","volume":"26","author":"Safa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24628","article-title":"Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease","volume":"551","author":"Wilck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.06.016","article-title":"Sodium chloride triggers Th17 mediated autoimmunity","volume":"329","author":"Haase","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0236-6","article-title":"Activated beta-catenin in Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells links inflammatory environments to autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Sumida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.068","article-title":"SGK1 governs the reciprocal development of Th17 and regulatory T cells","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau0683","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau0683","article-title":"Sodium chloride is an ionic checkpoint for human T(H)2 cells and shapes the atopic skin microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Matthias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.002","article-title":"Salt sensing by serum\/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 promotes Th17-like inflammatory adaptation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052788","article-title":"Salt transiently inhibits mitochondrial energetics in mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"144","author":"Geisberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.01.009","article-title":"Sodium perturbs mitochondrial respiration and induces dysfunctional Tregs","volume":"35","author":"Corte-Real","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101819-092536","article-title":"IL-17 in the pathogenesis of disease: good intentions gone awry","volume":"39","author":"Majumder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-272542","article-title":"Exacerbation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by dietary sodium is genetically controlled and sex specific","volume":"29","author":"Krementsov","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw139","article-title":"Sodium chloride-enriched diet enhanced inflammatory cytokine production and exacerbated experimental colitis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Monteleone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13783","article-title":"High salt diet stimulates gut Th17 response and exacerbates TNBS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01969","article-title":"High-salt diet induces IL-17-dependent gut inflammation and exacerbates colitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Aguiar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0433-4","article-title":"High salt diet exacerbates colitis in mice by decreasing Lactobacillus levels and butyrate production","volume":"6","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307928","article-title":"Sodium intake is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Farez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz032","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of dietary sodium on autoimmunity and inflammation related to multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Probst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.03.010","article-title":"High salt drives Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis without impacting myeloid dendritic cells","volume":"279","author":"Jorg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.002","article-title":"Dendritic cell amiloride-sensitive channels mediate sodium-induced inflammation and hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Barbaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12761","article-title":"High salt activates CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells via SGK (Serum Glucocorticoid Kinase) 1 to promote renal inflammation and salt-sensitive hypertension","volume":"74","author":"Van Beusecum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.320818","article-title":"DC ENaC-dependent inflammasome activation contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension","volume":"131","author":"Pitzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0139-5","article-title":"High salt diet accelerates the progression of murine lupus through dendritic cells via the p38 MAPK and STAT1 signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126241","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126241","article-title":"High dietary salt-induced dendritic cell activation underlies microbial dysbiosis-associated hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Ferguson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301970","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens directly promote autoimmune experimental arthritis by inducing a TLR2- and IL-1-driven Th17 response","volume":"192","author":"de Aquino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28065","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28065","article-title":"High salt promotes autoimmunity by TET2-induced DNA demethylation and driving the differentiation of Tfh cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0120-4","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Dominguez-Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303567","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells in atherosclerosis: subtle and contextual roles","volume":"35","author":"Taleb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.145094","article-title":"Interleukin 17 promotes angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction","volume":"55","author":"Madhur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs422","article-title":"Interleukin-17 causes Rho-kinase-mediated endothelial dysfunction and hypertension","volume":"97","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01497-z","article-title":"Meningeal interleukin-17-producing T cells mediate cognitive impairment in a mouse model of salt-sensitive hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Santisteban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.261784","article-title":"The IL-17A\/IL-17RA axis plays a proatherogenic role via the regulation of aortic myeloid cell recruitment","volume":"110","author":"Butcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901126","article-title":"Inhibition of IL-17A attenuates atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE-deficient mice","volume":"183","author":"Erbel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.690081","article-title":"Interleukin-17A promotes aortic endothelial cell activation via transcriptionally and post-translationally activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway","volume":"291","author":"Mai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-141978","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"24","author":"Huppert","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1159\/000430197","article-title":"Interleukin-17 stimulates STAT3-mediated endothelial cell activation for neutrophil recruitment","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1354-5","article-title":"IL-17A potentiates TNFalpha-induced secretion from human endothelial cells and alters barrier functions controlling neutrophils rights of passage","volume":"466","author":"Bosteen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903162","article-title":"IL-17 promotes p38 MAPK-dependent endothelial activation enhancing neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation","volume":"184","author":"Roussel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000317400","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-17A on vascular smooth muscle cells involve NAD(P)H-oxidase derived reactive oxygen species","volume":"48","author":"Pietrowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01349-6","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK","volume":"400","author":"Conrad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304108","article-title":"Interleukin 17 drives vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial hypertension in psoriasis-like skin disease","volume":"34","author":"Karbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13488","article-title":"Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease risks in patients with autoimmune disorders","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.091","article-title":"Association between psoriasis and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144589","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186475","article-title":"Autoimmune rheumatic diseases increase dementia risk in middle-aged patients: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00095","article-title":"Th17 and cognitive impairment: possible mechanisms of action","volume":"13","author":"Cipollini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01213","article-title":"Imbalance of circulating Th17 and regulatory T cells in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a case control study","volume":"9","author":"Oberstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B167","first-page":"109","article-title":"T-cells show increased production of cytokines and activation markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Pirker-Kees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Disord Ther"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000360606","article-title":"Increased serum levels of interleukin-18, -23 and -17 in Chinese patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25159","article-title":"Neutrophil hyperactivation correlates with Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"83","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab094","article-title":"Systemic infection exacerbates cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Asby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1380-5","article-title":"Peripheral adaptive immunity of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"St-Amour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00434-3","article-title":"Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with plaques and tangles","volume":"39","author":"Oddo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109574","article-title":"IL-17 triggers the onset of cognitive and synaptic deficits in early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Brigas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110094","article-title":"Interleukin-17 affects synaptic plasticity and cognition in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Di Filippo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3913","article-title":"Neutrophils promote Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology and cognitive decline via LFA-1 integrin","volume":"21","author":"Zenaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14586","article-title":"Neutralization of IL-17 rescues amyloid-beta-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment","volume":"176","author":"Cristiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0141596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141596","article-title":"Interleukin17A promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction by triggering beta-amyloid accumulation via the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200947","article-title":"IFN-gamma production by amyloid beta-specific Th1 cells promotes microglial activation and increases plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"190","author":"Browne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171572","article-title":"Effects of dietary salt on gene and protein expression in brain tissue of a model of sporadic small vessel disease","volume":"132","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25739","article-title":"A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature","volume":"554","author":"Vanlandewijck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.015","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome atlas of murine endothelial cells","volume":"180","author":"Kalucka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.158147","article-title":"Estimating salt intake in humans: not so easy!","volume":"105","author":"Titze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025040811471988800_cvae229-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00549-x","article-title":"Peripheral and central immune system crosstalk in Alzheimer disease\u2014a research prospectus","volume":"17","author":"Bettcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvae229\/60212382\/cvae229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/120\/18\/2349\/60212382\/cvae229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article-pdf\/120\/18\/2349\/60212382\/cvae229.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T09:37:40Z","timestamp":1744105060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article\/120\/18\/2349\/7828732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvae229","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6363","1755-3245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6363","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-3245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}}}