{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:16:31Z","timestamp":1785176191328,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022572","name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed virtual fractional flow reserve (vFFR), derived from invasive angiography, non-invasively quantifies coronary epicardial lesion physiology. Developments of 1-dimensional (1D) vFFR models have introduced methods of side-branch flow representation and reduced simulation time by several orders of magnitude vs. 3-dimensional (3D) alternatives. This study aimed to quantify agreement and diagnostic accuracy of 1D and 3D vFFR models, in a matched cohort, and compare results with established FFR alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used five 1D models, which differed in their side-branch flow representation, to compute vFFR in 104 arteries. The simplest model ignored side-branch flow, the second and third models used vessel anatomy to homogenously distribute side-branch flow and regionalize this to bifurcations, respectively. The final two 1D models additionally used simulated pressure in the main vessel to modulate side-branch flow magnitude. To aid interpretability, diagnostic accuracy was also reported for 3D vFFR, visual assessment and resting invasive pressure assessment (Pd\/Pa). Median FFR was 0.81 [0.73\u20130.88] and 46 (44%) lesions were haemodynamically significant. Optimal FFR agreement was achieved with the 1D model that regionalized side-branch flow to bifurcations (mean bias at diagnostic threshold \u22120.03, 95% agreement limits \u22120.23 to 0.20). Diagnostic accuracy did not differ significantly between the five 1D models, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging 0.68 to 0.74. Diagnostic accuracy for 1D vFFR was superior to visual assessment, comparable to 3D vFFR and poorer than invasive resting pressure assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1D models of vFFR facilitate rapid in-silico assessment of epicardial lesion severity. Inclusion of anatomical side branch flow mildly improved agreement, but the additional inclusion of simulated pressure was not beneficial. Agreement of 1D models was comparable to 3D simulations. However, current 1D models are not sufficiently accurate to suggest they may entirely replace wire-based assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1758540370000},"page":"2233-2245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Invasive validation of novel 1D models for computation of coronary fractional flow reserve"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Saxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eron","family":"Yones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Aubiniere-Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilanka","family":"Adikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kingston and Richmond NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"van \u2018t Veer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital , Eindhoven, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00eblle C J","family":"Keulards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital , Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"Tonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital , Eindhoven, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gosling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0605-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Czechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Narracott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Hose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian P","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine , University of Sheffield, Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic 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