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Emerging evidence suggests that in persistent AF (persAF), AF triggers may extend beyond LA. However, the extent to which AF-associated remodelling involves the right atrium (RA) in persAF remains a subject of debate. To address this, we employed a proteomic approach aiming at investigating AF-associated remodelling in the RA relative to the LA in persAF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RA and LA samples were obtained from sinus rhythm (SR) patients, patients with persAF undergoing open-heart surgery, and non-failing donor hearts rejected for transplantation. A reference spectral library representing the human cardiac proteome was employed to assess the RA and LA proteomes by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Protein levels were quantified by immunoblotting of human atrial tissue. Plasma levels of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP were measured in SR and persAF patients. Fibrosis levels were quantified in paraffin-embedded sections using Masson-Goldner trichrome staining. A spectral library representing 13 539 human proteins was generated from five anatomical regions of five independent donor hearts. In persAF RA, we observed marked myolysis, excessive extracellular matrix deposition and a prominent similarity to the failing ventricular proteome, all comparable to persAF LA. Although significant proteomic differences were observed between the RA and LA from SR patients, a comparison of RA and LA proteomes in persAF patients revealed proteome homogenization between the two atrial chambers. RA contributes to this homogenization by losing RA-specific markers, while gaining LA-specific markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that RA undergoes comparable AF-associated remodelling to LA, contributing to atrial proteome unification which represents a hallmark of persAF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvag076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:58:50Z","timestamp":1775044730000},"page":"1037-1054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mass spectrometric proteome profiling using a deep spectral library reveals homogenization of right and left atrial proteomes in persistent atrial fibrillation patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8855-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiste","family":"Liutkute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence \u2018Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells\u2019 (MBExC), University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen , Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takiy-Eddine","family":"Berrandou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, PARCC, Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Schnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Dschun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center \u00a0 G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Alejandro","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Neuenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Rytkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kyshynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Kensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aschraf","family":"El-Essawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Fawad","family":"Jebran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard C","family":"Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3938-6484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassina","family":"Baraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Kutschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bremmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center \u00a0 G\u00f6ttingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1837-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Urlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence \u2018Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells\u2019 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