{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:15:25Z","timestamp":1783790125119,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF0085594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF0085594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Council at Herlev-Gentofte Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007405","name":"Danish Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005275","name":"Capital Region of Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foetal cholesterol is primarily carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) enriched with apolipoprotein E (apoE) and the foetus depends on a maternal-placental supply in early gestation until foetal de novo synthesis is established. We aimed to examine HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), apoE, and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) concentrations in early life and the association with foetal growth and placental insufficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the Copenhagen Baby Heart and COMPARE study cohorts, including cord- (n = 13 353) and parallel child and maternal venous blood samples at birth (n = 444), 2- (n = 364), and 14\u201316 months (n = 156) after birth. HDL-C, apoAI, and apoE concentrations were higher in female vs. male newborns (P &amp;lt; 0.001). During the first 14\u201316 months of life, concentrations of HDL-C and apoAI increased (P &amp;lt; 0.02), apoE decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and the HDL-C\u2013apoAI correlation increased (Spearman's rho: 0.71, 0.87, 0.90), while the HDL-C\u2013apoE correlation decreased (Spearman's rho: 0.58, 0.18). Small (SGA), appropriate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age showed a stepwise increase in cord blood concentrations of HDL-C and apoE, but not apoA1, from SGA to LGA (P &amp;lt; 0.001). We found higher risk of low cord blood concentrations (&amp;lt;20th percentile) of HDL-C and apoE associated with placental insufficiency [odds ratio 1.39 (95% confidence interval 1.16\u20131.65) and 1.46 (1.22\u20131.75)], low pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) [1.82 (1.47\u20132.25) and 1.50 (1.19\u20131.88)), preeclampsia (1.62 (1.28\u20132.04) and 1.39 (1.09\u20131.78)], hypertension (1.35 (1.05\u20131.73) and 1.28 (0.99\u20131.67)), body mass index (BMI) \u2265 25 kg\/m2 [1.29 (1.17\u20131.43) and 1.13 (1.02\u20131.25)], and smoking [1.79 (1.43\u20132.23) and 1.38 (1.09\u20131.76)]. Only placental insufficiency [1.23 (1.03\u20131.48)], low PAPP-A [1.48 (1.18\u20131.85)], and smoking[(1.35 (1.06\u20131.72)] were associated with low cord blood apoAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the first 14\u201316 months of life, the apolipoprotein profile of HDL approaches that of adults. Offspring concentrations of HDL-C and apoE at birth were positively associated with foetal growth and placental insufficiency was associated with increased risk of low HDL-C and apoE, suggesting these traits as markers of placental function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvag129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1781178509000},"page":"1307-1317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI, and E concentrations with foetal growth and placental insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8802-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke","family":"Mohr Lytsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Taageby Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Strandkj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0994-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Juul Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7993-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Sillesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8665-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Axelsson Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R Ottilia","family":"V\u00f8gg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia R","family":"Kamstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Bundgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Frikke-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071113015965000_cvag129-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190129","article-title":"Materno-fetal cholesterol transport during pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Kallol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2026071113015965000_cvag129-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040349","article-title":"Fetal high-density lipoproteins: current knowledge on particle metabolism, composition and function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Stadler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026071113015965000_cvag129-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.12.015","article-title":"Distinct composition of human fetal HDL attenuates its anti-oxidative capacity","volume":"1831","author":"Sreckovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026071113015965000_cvag129-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe058187","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"353","author":"Gillman","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026071113015965000_cvag129-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000136","article-title":"Low birthweight or rapid catch-up growth: which is more associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in later life? 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