{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:40:22Z","timestamp":1793173222223,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82300420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Top Priority Research Center Construction","award":["2022ZZ01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZ01010"]}]},{"name":"Xuhui Healthcare System Peak Discipline Construction","award":["SHXHZDXK202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHXHZDXK202305"]}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Construction Project in Shanghai Healthcare System","award":["2024ZDXK0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZDXK0028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pan-vascular diseases pose a significant and growing global public health burden. However, the burden of pan-vascular diseases remains unknown, especially regarding its trends through 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic stroke (IS), and lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) was analysed in this study. We investigated the prevalence trends of these pan-vascular diseases from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories, assesses the impact of population ageing, lifestyle changes, and epidemiological shifts on the prevalence of pan-vascular diseases, examines health inequalities between countries, and forecasts trends through 2050. In 2021, the estimated global cases of IHD, IS, and LEPAD reached 254.3 million, 69.9 million, and 113.7 million, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) were 3031, 1018, and 1337 per 100 000 population, with estimated annual percentage changes of 0.61%, 0.95%, and 0.1%, respectively. Over recent years, population growth contributed most to the increasing burden of IHD, IS, and LEPAD, with a slightly higher impact in females for IS and LEPAD. Notably, epidemiological factors (\u221218.9%) partially mitigated the burden of LEPAD despite demographic pressures. Trend projections indicate a slow increase in IHD ASPR, particularly among females, while males exhibit a relatively stable trend through 2050. A similar pattern was observed for IS, whereas ASPR for LEPAD is expected to remain stable. Significant absolute and relative inequalities in disease burden were observed across countries with varying sociodemographic index (SDI) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of pan-vascular diseases continues to rise globally, driven primarily by demographic changes (population growth and ageing). Despite improvements in healthcare, significant cross-country health inequalities persist, particularly in high-SDI countries, where the disease burden has intensified. As prevalence trends are projected to increase further, targeted public health interventions and policies are urgently needed to mitigate the growing impact of pan-vascular diseases and reduce global health disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvag133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:42:41Z","timestamp":1781955761000},"page":"1803-1818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global prevalence of pan-vascular diseases: a trend and health inequality analyses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 200237 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laihai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Ischemic Heart Diseases , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine , Shanghai, No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , No. 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200025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junbo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Ischemic Heart Diseases , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 1609 Xietu Road, District Xuhui, Shanghai 200025, 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