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Here, we studied the inflammation-induced emergence of IMEC and characterized their crosstalk with T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An in vitro model to study IMEC was characterized using flow cytometry and proteomics. Endothelial cell-specific translatome and single-cell transcriptome data from a murine atherogenesis model and single-cell transcriptome data from human atherosclerotic arteries were used to determine pathophysiological relevance. Immunopeptidomics was performed to detect antigen presentation. T-cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and activation were assessed through flow cytometry and microscopy. IMEC were induced by treating human endothelial cells with interleukin-1\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, and transforming growth factor-\u03b22 and expressed lower levels of classical endothelial cell markers and disrupted VE-cadherin expression accompanied by impaired barrier function. IMEC expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation (CD83, CD80, and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as chemokines, including CXCL9. An IMEC-like subpopulation was identified in the lumen of carotid arteries in a mouse model of accelerated atherogenesis as well as in human atheromas. Conditioned medium from IMEC enhanced the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced T-cell chemotaxis, which was partially inhibited by antagonizing CXCL9. IMEC exhibited a significant down-regulation of proteins related to glycosaminoglycan degradation, consistent with the key role of the glycocalyx in the establishment of chemokine gradients. Indeed, the accumulation of heparan sulphates in IMEC contributed to the adhesion of T cells. Notably, IMEC that had been exposed to monocyte lysates presented 627 peptide antigens on MHC class II and induced T-cell expansion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data highlight the role of IMEC as non-professional antigen-presenting cells that potentially contribute to T cell-mediated immune responses in cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvag137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T07:08:46Z","timestamp":1782716926000},"page":"1672-1687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunomodulatory endothelial cells contribute to T-cell recruitment and activation via antigen presentation on MHC II"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cartura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blerina","family":"Aliraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University, Institute of Biochemistry I , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute & Core Facility of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Marburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3975-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beyza","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Bleckwehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich , Klinikum rechts der Isar ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"M\u00e4gdefessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Technical University Munich , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Dimmeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"CardioPulmonary Institute , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver J","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Kiel , Kiel ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck , Kiel ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanjoong","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Offermanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"CardioPulmonary Institute , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5919-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sikander","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NewYork, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NewYork, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf P","family":"Brandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"CardioPulmonary Institute , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fcnch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"CardioPulmonary Institute , Frankfurt am Main and Bad Nauheim ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3015-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Graumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute & Core Facility of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Marburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Weigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for 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