{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:04:16Z","timestamp":1792785856512,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":301,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0435rc536","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), and contributes to disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. However, the relationships between inflammatory cytokines and different HF subtypes are complex, heterogeneous, and bidirectional. In this review, we examine inflammatory pathways, biomarker profiles, and comorbidities in HF with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved ejection fraction and summarize evidence on the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a biomarker for systemic inflammation in HF. We provide insights into emerging methodologies for biomarker discovery in HF and discuss the use of animal models to elucidate underlying mechanisms and test potential treatment strategies. Finally, we provide an overview of the therapeutic landscape, touching on past challenges and future opportunities for the development of targeted anti-inflammatory therapies in HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvag172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:47:03Z","timestamp":1786535223000},"page":"1901-1921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory cytokines and immune signalling in heart failure: mechanisms, models, and emerging therapies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiomar","family":"Mendieta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), CIBERCV, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Carrer de Sant Quint\u00ed, 89, Barcelona 08025 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Pironti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Tromp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health & the National University Health System, National University of Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars H","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101011121922400_cvag172-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026101011121922400_cvag172-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5942","article-title":"Global variations in heart 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