{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:20:37Z","timestamp":1773829237953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"WIHS","award":["UL1-TR000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR000004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["374031971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374031971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and subclinical cardiovascular disease (sCVD) are associated with expression of CXCR4 and other surface markers on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>sCVD was defined as presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery in 92 participants of the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Participants were stratified into four sets (n\u2009=\u200923 each) by HIV and sCVD status (HIV\u2212\/sCVD\u2212, HIV\u2212\/sCVD+, HIV+\/sCVD\u2212, and HIV+\/sCVD+) matched by age, race\/ethnicity, and smoking status. Three subsets of monocytes were determined from archived peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry was used to count and phenotype surface markers. We tested for differences by HIV and sCVD status accounting for multiple comparisons. We found no differences in monocyte subset size among the four groups. Expression of seven surface markers differed significantly across the three monocyte subsets. CXCR4 expression [median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] in non-classical monocytes was highest among HIV\u2212\/CVD\u2212 [628, interquartile range (IQR) (295\u20131389)], followed by HIV+\/CVD\u2212 [486, IQR (248\u2013699)], HIV\u2212\/CVD+ (398, IQR (89\u2013901)), and lowest in HIV+\/CVD+ women [226, IQR (73\u2013519)), P\u2009=\u20090.006 in ANOVA. After accounting for multiple comparison (Tukey) the difference between HIV\u2212\/CVD\u2212 vs. HIV+\/CVD+ remained significant with P\u2009=\u20090.005 (HIV\u2212\/CVD\u2212 vs. HIV+\/CVD\u2212 P\u2009=\u20090.04, HIV\u2212\/CVD\u2212 vs. HIV\u2212\/CVD+ P\u2009=\u20090.06, HIV+\/CVD+ vs. HIV+\/CVD\u2212 P\u2009=\u20090.88, HIV+\/CVD+ vs. HIV\u2212\/CVD+ P\u2009=\u20090.81, HIV+\/CVD\u2212 vs. HIV\u2212\/CVD+, P\u2009=\u20090.99). All pairwise comparisons with HIV\u2212\/CVD\u2212 were individually significant (P\u2009=\u20090.050 vs. HIV\u2212\/CVD+, P\u2009=\u20090.028 vs. HIV+\/CVD\u2212, P\u2009=\u20090.009 vs. HIV+\/CVD+). CXCR4 expression on non-classical monocytes was significantly higher in CVD\u2212 (501.5, IQR (249.5\u2013887.3)) vs. CVD+ (297, IQR (81.75\u2013626.8) individuals (P\u2009=\u20090.028, n\u2009=\u200946 per group). CXCR4 expression on non-classical monocytes significantly correlated with cardiovascular and HIV\u2212related risk factors including systolic blood pressure, platelet and T cell counts along with duration of antiretroviral therapy (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In regression analyses, adjusted for education level, study site, and injection drug use, presence of HIV infection and sCVD remained significantly associated with lower CXCR4 expression on non-classical monocytes (P\u2009=\u20090.003), but did not differ in classical or intermediate monocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CXCR4 expression in non-classical monocytes was significantly lower among women with both HIV infection and sCVD, suggesting a potential atheroprotective role of CXCR4 in non-classical monocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T20:11:27Z","timestamp":1543954287000},"page":"1029-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Loss of CXCR4 on non-classical monocytes in participants of the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) with subclinical atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Karin A L","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute of Immunology, Athena Circle Drive La Jolla, CA, USA"},{"name":"Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13th floor, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Ehinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute of Immunology, Athena Circle Drive La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13th floor, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Baas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute of Immunology, Athena Circle Drive La Jolla, CA, USA"},{"name":"Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meinrad P","family":"Gawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13th floor, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mardge H","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1969 Ogden Ave, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Gange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, 265 Garland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonya L","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 908 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy J","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igho","family":"Ofotokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyllis C","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, VAMC, Infectious Disease Section, 111W 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard N","family":"Hodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan L","family":"Landay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 13th floor, Bronx, NY, USA"},{"name":"Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Jolla Institute of Immunology, Athena Circle Drive La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2651","article-title":"Rate and predictors of carotid artery intima media thickness progression in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected and uninfected adults: a 48-week matched prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Hileman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1086\/605578","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory markers, endothelial activation markers, and carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"49","author":"Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200308010-00012","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"33","author":"Currier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir829","article-title":"Adverse outcome analyses of observational data: assessing cardiovascular risk in HIV disease","volume":"54","author":"Triant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1086\/375844","article-title":"Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection compared with the general population","volume":"37","author":"Saves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019101608085698300_cvy292-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305230-00010","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients\u2014association with antiretroviral therapy. 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