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In this regard, the immune cell response to AMI, which comprises an initial pro-inflammatory reaction followed by an anti-inflammatory phase, contributes to final MI size and post-AMI remodelling [changes in left ventricular (LV) size and function]. The transition between these two phases is critical in this regard, with a persistent and severe pro-inflammatory reaction leading to adverse LV remodelling and increased propensity for developing heart failure. In this review article, we provide an overview of the immune cells involved in orchestrating the complex and dynamic inflammatory response to AMI\u2014these include neutrophils, monocytes\/macrophages, and emerging players such as dendritic cells, lymphocytes, pericardial lymphoid cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts. We discuss potential reasons for past failures of anti-inflammatory cardioprotective therapies, and highlight new treatment targets for modulating the immune cell response to AMI, as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve clinical outcomes in AMI patients. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled \u2018Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte\u2019, and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]],"date-time":"2019-02-24T12:07:14Z","timestamp":1551010034000},"page":"1117-1130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Immune cells as targets for cardioprotection: new players and novel therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Andreadou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector A","family":"Cabrera-Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore"},{"name":"National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 23, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya St, 18, Kazan, Respublika Tatarstan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Devaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos G","family":"Frangogiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute Department of Medicine (Cardiology) Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer G46B Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Frantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Oberd\u00fcrrbacher Str. 6, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Guzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, \u015awi\u0119tej Anny 12, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University ofGlasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa A","family":"Liehn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen University,Templergraben 55, Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Strada Petru Rare\u0219 2, Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Rheinisch Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule,Templergraben 55, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa P C","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiologisches Institut Fachbereich Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t, Aulweg 129, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J","family":"Hausenloy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore"},{"name":"National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore"},{"name":"The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK"},{"name":"The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, Maple House 1st floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020030521311207900_cvz050-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e356","article-title":"25 year trends in first time hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction, subsequent short and long term mortality, and the prognostic impact of sex and comorbidity: a Danish nationwide cohort 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