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It is now established that metabolic processes shape a proper immune response and within this context the alteration in cellular cholesterol homeostasis has emerged as a culprit of many metabolic abnormalities observed in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cholesterol accumulation supports the inflammatory response of myeloid cells (i.e. augmentation of toll-like receptor signalling, inflammasome activation, and production of monocytes and neutrophils) which is beneficial in the response to infections, but worsens diseases associated with chronic metabolic inflammation including atherosclerosis. In addition to the innate immune system, cells of adaptive immunity, upon activation, have also been shown to undergo a reprogramming of cellular cholesterol metabolism, which results in the amplification of inflammatory responses. Aim of this review is to discuss (i) the molecular mechanisms linking cellular cholesterol metabolism to specific immune functions; (ii) how cellular cholesterol accumulation sustains chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis; (iii) the immunometabolic profile of patients with defects of genes affecting cholesterol metabolism including familial hypercholesterolaemia, cholesteryl ester storage disease, Niemann\u2013Pick type C, and immunoglobulin D syndrome\/mevalonate kinase deficiency. Available data indicate that cholesterol immunometabolism plays a key role in directing immune cells function and set the stage for investigating the repurposing of existing \u2018metabolic\u2019 drugs to modulate the immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T23:31:58Z","timestamp":1557271918000},"page":"1393-1407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Immunometabolic function of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Yvan-Charvet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (Inserm) U1065, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaire (C3M), F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Bonacina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7400-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolphe Ren\u00e8","family":"Guinamard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (Inserm) U1065, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaire (C3M), F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6081-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Danilo","family":"Norata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (Inserm) U1065, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaire (C3M), F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. 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