{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:18:01Z","timestamp":1789402681841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation PhD scholarship","award":["FS\/11\/79\/29329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/11\/79\/29329"]}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation PhD scholarship","award":["FS\/10\/50\/28676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/10\/50\/28676"]}]},{"name":"Northern Norwegian Health Authority","award":["HNF1337-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1337-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Treatment of arrhythmias evoked by hypothermia\/rewarming remains challenging, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This in vitro experimental study assessed cardiac electrophysiology in isolated rabbit hearts at temperatures occurring in therapeutic and accidental hypothermia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detailed ECG, surface electrogram, and panoramic optical mapping were performed in isolated rabbit hearts cooled to moderate (31\u00b0C) and severe (17\u00b0C) hypothermia. Ventricular activation was unchanged at 31\u00b0C while action potential duration (APD) was significantly prolonged (176.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u2009ms vs. 241.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9\u2009ms, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), as was ventricular repolarization. At 17\u00b0C, there were proportionally similar delays in both activation and repolarization. These changes were reflected in the QRS and QT intervals of ECG recordings. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was significantly reduced at 31\u00b0C (16.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 vs. 35\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009mA, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) but increased at 17\u00b0C (64.2\u2009\u00b1\u20099.9, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). At 31\u00b0C, transverse conduction was relatively unchanged by cooling compared to longitudinal conduction, but at 17\u00b0C both transverse and longitudinal conduction were proportionately reduced to a similar extent. The gap junction uncoupler heptanol had a larger relative effect on transverse than longitudinal conduction and was able to restore the transverse\/longitudinal conduction ratio, returning ventricular fibrillation threshold to baseline values (16.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 vs. 36.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3\u2009mA, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) at 31\u00b0C. Rewarming to 37\u00b0C restored the majority of the electrophysiological parameters.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Moderate hypothermia does not significantly change ventricular conduction time but prolongs repolarization and is pro-arrhythmic. Further cooling to severe hypothermia causes parallel changes in ventricular activation and repolarization, changes which are anti-arrhythmic. Therefore, relative changes in QRS and QT intervals (QR\/QTc) emerge as an ECG-biomarker of pro-arrhythmic activity. Risk for ventricular fibrillation appears to be linked to the relatively low temperature sensitivity of ventricular transmural conduction, a conclusion supported by the anti-arrhythmic effect of heptanol at 31\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1580818506000},"page":"2081-2090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Moderate but not severe hypothermia causes pro-arrhythmic changes in cardiac electrophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik S","family":"Dietrichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway"},{"name":"Divisions of Diagnostic Services and Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"McGlynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kettlewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4670-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Myles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6137-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torkjel","family":"Tveita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway"},{"name":"Divisions of Diagnostic Services and Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godfrey L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 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