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Existing data sources are often syntactically and semantically heterogeneous, creating substantial barriers to interoperability and data reuse, and ultimately limiting the translation of research into sustainable agricultural innovation. To address this gap, we developed an ontology-based data access and integration (OBDI) framework that harmonizes publicly available, heterogeneous plant nutritional datasets within a unified semantic structure. By annotating datasets using established plant science ontologies, we enhanced their Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability by providing a scalable mechanism for virtual data integration via a knowledge graph enriched with domain semantics. Our workflow enables consistent comparison and computational reasoning across crop nutritional composition data, supporting both machine and human interpretation. The integration of compositional datasets for underutilized crops (UCs) alongside major crops allows for the identification of genetic resources that provide enhanced nutritional outcomes, fostering evidence-based diversification strategies. We outline how this approach may facilitate data integration and assist in the wider adoption and utilization of UCs. More generally, this open, ontology-driven approach highlights how investment in standardized, FAIR-aligned data infrastructure has the potential to accelerate interdisciplinary collaboration across plant sciences, nutrition, and policy. We demonstrate the concepts and specific methodologies for establishing semantic relationship between diverse datasets useful in operationalizing heterogeneous crop trait phenotyping knowledge bases. Furthermore, we discuss how the integration of ontology-based data integration (OBDI) with machine learning enables intelligent, accessible trait data management, thereby enhancing the adoption and advancement of AI-driven decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baag050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:43:00Z","timestamp":1785843780000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving annotation, access, and comparison of nutritional composition data for underutilized crops"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Agnes","family":"Aboagye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, The University of Nottingham , Leicestershire LE12 5RD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Raubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, The University of Nottingham , Leicestershire LE12 5RD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Cross University , Lismore, NSW 2480 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermina M","family":"Mendiondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, The University of Nottingham , Leicestershire LE12 5RD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17232","article-title":"The potential repositioning of South African underutilised plants for food and nutrition security: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Shembe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03179-2","article-title":"Crops For the Future (CFF): an overview of research efforts in the adoption of underutilised species","volume":"250","author":"Gregory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14040853","article-title":"Diversifying the UK agrifood system: a role for neglected and underutilised crops","volume":"14","author":"Azam-Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13931","DOI":"10.3390\/su142113931","article-title":"Modelling neglected and underutilised crops: a systematic review of progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Chimonyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03191-6","article-title":"Bambara groundnut: an exemplar underutilised legume for resilience under climate change","volume":"250","author":"Mayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2026092206220721500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad103","article-title":"Underutilized plants increase biodiversity, improve food and nutrition security, reduce malnutrition, and enhance human health and well-being. 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