{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:31:10Z","timestamp":1787902270605,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EDU2011-26268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDU2011-26268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Council of Economy, Innovation, and Science of the Andalusian Government","award":["P11SEJ-07523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P11SEJ-07523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lies and irony are paradigmatic examples of nonliteral communication; many deaf children and even adults have difficulty in understanding them. The present study assessed the understanding of lies and irony in 96 adolescents living in Spain in urban settings (58 deaf participants, 38 hearing participants; 10\u201319\u00a0years old). We investigated whether deaf and hearing participants differ in their performance, and the effects of age, theory of mind (ToM), and language on the understanding of these nonliteral meanings in deaf participants. The results show that deaf participants do not find it difficult to detect nonliteral statements, but they experience difficulty in attributing the real motivation to the speaker. ToM and language explained performance in the understanding of nonliteral communication in the deaf group. The results suggest the need to focus on promoting the ability to attribute real motivations to speakers. We propose an assessment sequence that differs from those used in other studies. In the proposed sequence, ToM skills would be combined with other skills that influence the understanding of lies and irony and would be sequenced according to the observed performance in deaf adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T22:02:13Z","timestamp":1586296933000},"page":"517-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lies and Irony Understanding in Deaf and Hearing Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cuenca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Malaga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Linero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Malaga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90023-1","article-title":"Form and function in children\u2019s understanding of ironic utterances","volume":"35","author":"Ackerman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12155","article-title":"Understanding ironic criticism and empathic praise: The role of emotive communication","volume":"35","author":"Agostino","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/cep0000011","article-title":"The development of joke and irony understanding: A study with 3- to 6-year-old children","volume":"68","author":"Angeleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref4","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Individual differences in theory of mind: Implications for typical and atypical development","author":"Astington","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref5","volume-title":"How to do things with words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955","author":"Austin","year":"1962"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262014113.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognitive pragmatics: The mental processes of communication","author":"Bara","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8","article-title":"Does the autistic child have a \u201ctheory of mind\u201d?","volume":"21","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2007.05.004","article-title":"Simple and complex deceits and ironies","volume":"40","author":"Bosco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00021","article-title":"Sincere, deceitful, and ironic communicative acts and the role of the theory of mind in childhood","volume":"8","author":"Bosco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1348\/026151002166316","article-title":"Children\u2019s understanding about white lies","volume":"20","author":"Broomfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/50378-2166(02)00099-1","article-title":"How children comprehend speech acts and communicative gestures","volume":"35","author":"Bucciarelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.12.002","article-title":"The roles of liar intention, lie content, and theory of mind in children\u2019s evaluation of lies","volume":"132","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203634127","volume-title":"Irony","author":"Colebrook","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/5.3.266","article-title":"The impact of sign language on the cognitive development of deaf children: The case of theories of mind","volume":"5","author":"Courtin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2307\/1130022","article-title":"Words speak louder than actions: Understanding deliberately false remarks","volume":"55","author":"Demorest","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195159912.003.0010","volume-title":"Why language matters for theory of mind","author":"de Villiers","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2006.11.006","article-title":"The interface of language and theory of mind","volume":"117","author":"de Villiers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(02)00073-4","article-title":"Complements to cognition: A longitudinal study of the relationship between complex syntax and false belief understanding","volume":"17","author":"de Villiers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.2011.02072.x","article-title":"Deception dissociates from false belief reasoning in deaf children: Implications for the implicit versus explicit theory of mind distinction","volume":"30","author":"de Villiers","year":"2012","journal-title":"The British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(97)80142-2","article-title":"Attributing meaning to deliberately false utterances: The case of irony","volume":"122","author":"Dews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Advanced Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref21","volume-title":"PPVT-III Peabody. Test de Vocabulario en Im\u00e1genes (2nd Ed. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III))","author":"Dunn","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407507086808","article-title":"Individual differences and lying in everyday life","volume":"25","author":"Ennis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2017.02.005","article-title":"Are there different pathways to explicit false belief understanding? General language and complementation in typical and atypical children","volume":"43","author":"Farrar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01115.x","article-title":"Further development in social reasoning revealed in discourse irony understanding","volume":"79","author":"Filippova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01442.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s understanding of social-cognitive and social-communicative aspects of discourse irony","volume":"81","author":"Filippova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17955\/tvr.107.2.584","article-title":"The role of age and oral lexical competence in false belief understanding by children and adolescents with hearing loss","volume":"107","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Volta Review"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref27","volume-title":"Deaf young people and their families: Developing understanding","author":"Gregory","year":"1995"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1075\/z.184.115gri","article-title":"Meaning","volume":"66","author":"Grice","year":"1957","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327647JCD010204","article-title":"Children\u2019s comprehension of critical and complimentary forms of verbal irony","volume":"1","author":"Hancock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.06.008","article-title":"Do deaf adults with limited language have advanced theory of mind?","volume":"31","author":"Hao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172093","article-title":"An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters\u00b4 thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults","volume":"24","author":"Happ\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2307\/1131954","article-title":"The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind tasks: Performance of subjects with autism","volume":"66","author":"Happ\u00e9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00005-0","article-title":"Acquired \u201ctheory of mind\u201d impairments following stroke","volume":"70","author":"Happ\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2307\/1130337","article-title":"Ignorance versus false belief: A developmental lag attribution of epistemic states","volume":"57","author":"Hogrefe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2015.06.005","article-title":"Confronting the language barrier: Theory of mind in deaf children","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029558","article-title":"Language and literacy development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children: Successes and challenges","volume":"49","author":"Lederberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020101806550748000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1353\/add.2012.1610","article-title":"The impact of verbal capacity on theory of mind in deaf and hard of hearing children","volume":"157","author":"Levrez","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.08.015","article-title":"Chinese children\u2019s evaluations of white lies: Weighing the consequences for recipients","volume":"108","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3200\/genp.135.3.301-322","article-title":"Children\u2019s understanding of promising, lying, and false belief","volume":"135","author":"Maas","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eny039","article-title":"Understanding theory of mind in deaf and hearing college students","volume":"24","author":"Marschark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.672272","article-title":"Irony and second-order false belief in children: What changes when mothers rather than siblings speak?","volume":"10","author":"Massaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2013.821407","article-title":"Do social norms, false belief understanding, and metacognitive vocabulary influence irony comprehension? A study of five- and seven-year-old children","volume":"11","author":"Massaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.5.1156","article-title":"Language access and theory of mind reasoning: Evidence from deaf children in bilingual and Oralist environments","volume":"43","author":"Meristo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref44","first-page":"751","article-title":"Relations between maternal input and theory of mind understanding in deaf children","volume":"77","author":"Moeller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2010.544693","article-title":"Children and adults understand that verbal irony interpretation depends on listener knowledge","volume":"12","author":"Nilsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref46","volume-title":"Teor\u00eda de la mente: Metarrepresentaci\u00f3n, creencias falsas y enga\u00f1oen el desarrollo de una psicolog\u00eda natural (Unpublished doctoral thesis)","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036654","article-title":"Sarcasm and advanced theory of mind understanding in children and adults with prelingual deafness","volume":"50","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref48","volume-title":"Understanding the representational mind","author":"Perner","year":"1991"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90051-7","article-title":"\u201cJohn thinks that Mary thinks that\u2026\u201d attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children","volume":"39","author":"Perner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2009\/07-0079)","article-title":"Language, mental state vocabulary, and false belief understanding in children with Cochlear implants","volume":"40","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00859.x","article-title":"Steps in theory of mind development for children with autism, deafness or typical development","volume":"76","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01728.x","article-title":"The mind behind the message: Advancing theory-of-mind scales for typically developing children, and those with deafness, autism, or asperger syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02377.x","article-title":"Language promotes false-belief understanding: Evidence from learners of a new sign language","volume":"20","author":"Pyers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X401903","article-title":"Children\u2019s understanding and production of verbal irony in family conversations","volume":"28","author":"Recchia","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enn036","article-title":"Theory of mind and language in children with Cochlear implants","volume":"14","author":"Remmel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00390","article-title":"The development of theory of mind in deaf children","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x","article-title":"Language and theory of mind: A study of deaf children","volume":"78","author":"Schick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173438","volume-title":"Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language","author":"Searle","year":"1969"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref59","volume-title":"Relevance: Communication and cognition","author":"Sperber","year":"1986"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref60","volume-title":"Relevance: Communication and cognition","author":"Sperber","year":"1995"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.12.039","article-title":"Understanding minds: Early cochlear implantation and the development of theory of mind in children with profound hearing impairment","volume":"78","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386491-8.00004-9","article-title":"From little white lies to filthy liars: The evolution of honesty and deception in young children","volume":"40","author":"Talwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x","article-title":"Scaling theory of mind tasks","volume":"75","author":"Wellman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00304","article-title":"Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief","volume":"72","author":"Wellman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref65","first-page":"607","volume-title":"The handbook of pragmatics","author":"Wilson","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020101806550748000_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139028370","volume-title":"Meaning and relevance","author":"Wilson","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/517\/33937181\/enaa014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/517\/33937181\/enaa014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T10:55:25Z","timestamp":1603018525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/25\/4\/517\/5849148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/enaa014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-4159","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}