{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:32:45Z","timestamp":1788186765945,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study was initiated to design and evaluate a sexual abuse prevention program for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children. This evidence-based prevention program is the first of its kind for DHH children. A total of 92 DHH children aged 8\u201312\u00a0years participated in the program \u201cSTARK mit SAM\u201d (Strong with Sam, SmS), a program conducted in primary schools for DHH children in Germany. The program evaluation consisted of a pretest\u2212posttest design. As per class, the subjects were assigned to either the experimental or the wait list control group. Participants from both groups were pretested for their knowledge about content related to the prevention of sexual abuse. The experimental group received the prevention program and both groups were posttested to examine the effects of the program. Additionally, the experimental group was tested again 6 months after the program. DHH children who participated in the SmS program showed a significant knowledge gain and a nonsignificant change in their anxiety. No significant factor affecting the children\u2019s significant knowledge gain was found. SmS is an effective sexual abuse prevention program for DHH children, which can be offered without incurring anxiety in the children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T11:09:56Z","timestamp":1592046596000},"page":"421-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Evidence-Based Sexual Abuse Prevention Program: Strong With Sam"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Urbann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Sciences, Education and Rehabilitation of the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing, University of Cologne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Bienstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation and Education: Intellectual Disabilities"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Sciences, Education and Rehabilitation of the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing, University of Cologne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2020101806545882200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211412544","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against deaf female college students","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook Of Deaf Studies, Language, And Education","author":"Antia","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020101806545882200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2001.00293.x","article-title":"Sexual abuse in children and adolescents with intellectual disability","volume":"45","author":"Balogh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref4","volume-title":"Klinisch-psychiatrische Ratingskalen f\u00fcr das Kindes- und Jugendalter","author":"Barkmann","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020101806545882200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/027112149801800405","article-title":"Social safety for young children. A review of the literature on safety skills instruction","volume":"18","author":"Bevill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Topics in Early Childhood Special Education"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref6","volume-title":"Abschlussbericht Runder Tisch Sexueller Kindesmissbrauch in Abh\u00e4ngigkeits- und Machtverh\u00e4ltnissen in privaten und \u00f6ffentlichen Einrichtungen und im famili\u00e4ren Bereich","author":"Justiz","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref7","volume-title":"Sexuelle Gewalt gegen Kinder und Jugendliche in p\u00e4dagogischen Kontexten. Forschung zu Pr\u00e4vention und Schutzkonzepten.","author":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref8","author":"Burgsm\u00fcller","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020101806545882200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00360-5","article-title":"A social learning theory comparison of the sexual victimization of adolescent sexual offenders and nonsexual offending male delinquents","volume":"26","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020101806545882200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(99)00010-5","article-title":"The impact of child sexual abuse on adult interpersonal functioning: A review and synthesis of the empirical literature","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref11","volume-title":"Sexueller Mi\u00dfbrauch: Die T\u00e4ter","author":"Deegener","year":"1995"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref12"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref13","volume-title":"DISYPS-II Diagnostik-System f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen nach ICD-10 und DMS-IV f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche \u2013 II","author":"D\u00f6pfner","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020101806545882200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.234","article-title":"An evaluation of in situ training to teach sexual abuse prevention skills to women with mental retardation","volume":"22","author":"Egemo-Helm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioral Interventions"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020101806545882200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(95)00017-3","article-title":"Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020101806545882200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00057","article-title":"Sexual assault experienced by deaf female undergraduates: Prevalence and characteristics","volume":"30","author":"Elliott Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020101806545882200_ref17","first-page":"55","article-title":"Characteristic features of perpetrators of sexual abuse on children and adolescents in four different regions of Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Erdo\u011fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020101806545882200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.013","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and adult developmental outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New Zealand","volume":"37","author":"Fergusson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref19","volume-title":"Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1984"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref20","volume-title":"Sexuality education, sexual communication, rape myth acceptance, and sexual assault experience among deaf and hard of hearing college students, Dissertation","author":"Francavillo","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref21","volume-title":"Diskriminierung- und Gewalterfahrungen im Leben geh\u00f6rloser Frauen","author":"Fries","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref22","volume-title":"Dokumentation einer bundesweiten Fragebogenaktion zur Situation geh\u00f6rloser Frauen in Deutschland","author":"Gerkens","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020101806545882200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.09.004","article-title":"Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents","volume":"31","author":"Hershkowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref24","first-page":"226","article-title":"Der Kommunikative-Kompetenz-Indikator (KKI) als screening bei h\u00f6rgesch\u00e4digten Kindern und Jugendlichen. Eine zusammenfassende analyse vorliegender empirischer Befunde","volume":"66","author":"Hintermair","year":"2012","journal-title":"H\u00f6rgesch\u00e4digtenP\u00e4dagogik"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020101806545882200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp118","article-title":"Longterm physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse: A meta-analytic review","volume":"35","author":"Irish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12293","article-title":"Enablers of help-seeking for deaf and disabled children following abuse and barriers to protection: A qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020101806545882200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.0379","article-title":"Sexual knowledge, behavior and sources of information among deaf and hard of hearing college students","volume":"140","author":"Joseph","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020101806545882200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559596001001003","article-title":"Subgroup differences in the modus operandi of adolescent sexual offenders","volume":"1","author":"Kaufman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44244-9_34","volume-title":"Sexueller Missbrauch von Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ein Handbuch zur Pr\u00e4vention und Intervention f\u00fcr Fachkr\u00e4fte im medizinischen, psychotherapeutischen und p\u00e4dagogischen Bereich","author":"Kindler","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020101806545882200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.017","article-title":"Sexual abuse of deaf children. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse among deaf adults in Norway","volume":"28","author":"Kvam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020101806545882200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600412331321314","article-title":"Modus operandi of sexual offenders working or doing voluntary work with children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Leclerc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1998.31-91","article-title":"Evaluation of a sexual abuse prevention program for adults with mental retardation","volume":"31","author":"Lumley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal Of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.003","article-title":"The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"29","author":"Maniglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20687","article-title":"Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"27","author":"Maniglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020101806545882200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/073724770102600208","article-title":"Past and current research on out-of-level testing of students with disabilities","volume":"26","author":"Minnema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Assessment for Effective Intervention"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020101806545882200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980109603677","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse","volume":"135","author":"Paolucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020101806545882200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1091","article-title":"Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Paras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref38","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref39","volume-title":"Multiaxiales Klassifikationsschema f\u00fcr psychische St\u00f6rungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters nach ICD-10 der WHO: Mit einem synoptischen Vergleich von ICD-10 und DSM-IV","author":"Remschmidt","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref40","volume-title":"Sexueller Missbrauch bei h\u00f6rgesch\u00e4digten Menschen \u2013 Wie erleben und verarbeiten h\u00f6rgesch\u00e4digte Menschen Erfahrungen sexuellen Missbrauchs? diploma thesis","author":"Rossmar","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref41","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Psychotherapie. Funktions- und st\u00f6rungsorientiertes Vorgehen","author":"Rudolph","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/15299730802624585","article-title":"A review of childhood abuse, health, and pain-related problems: The role of psychiatric disorders and current life stress","volume":"10","author":"Sachs-Ericsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref43","volume-title":"Lebenssituation und Belastungen von Frauen und Beeintr\u00e4chtigungen und Behinderungen in Deutschland","author":"Schr\u00f6ttle","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref44","volume-title":"Die multidimensionale Selbstwertskala (MSWS)","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020101806545882200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.0.0059","article-title":"Child abuse and deafness: An overview","volume":"153","author":"Sebald","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref46","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi.","author":"Smallbone","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020101806545882200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023019912548","article-title":"Maltreatment and behavioral characteristics of youth who are deaf and hard-of-hearing","volume":"16","author":"Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sexuality and Disability"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020101806545882200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00190-3","article-title":"Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020101806545882200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.0614","article-title":"Sexual abuse of deaf youth","volume":"132","author":"Sullivan","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020101806545882200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00124-0","article-title":"Knowledge on sexual abuse and self-protection skills: A study on female Chinese adolescents with mild mental retardation","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref1u","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"Konzeption und Evaluation des evidenzbasierten Pr\u00e4ventionstrainings \u201cSTARK mit SAM\u201d f\u00fcr Sch\u00fclerinnen und Sch\u00fcler mit H\u00f6rbehinderung","DOI":"10.17877\/DE290R-19869"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000328840","article-title":"Treatment integrity: Implementation, assessment, evaluation, and correlations with outcome","volume":"21","author":"Weck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref52","volume-title":"Jugendsexualit\u00e4t und Behinderung.","author":"Wienholz","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020101806545882200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80186-8","article-title":"Teaching personal safety skills to four-year-old children: A behavioral approach","volume":"21","author":"Wurtele","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020101806545882200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v07n01_03","article-title":"An examination of the reliability of the \u2018what if situations\u2019 test: A brief report","volume":"7","author":"Wurtele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/421\/33937218\/enaa019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/421\/33937218\/enaa019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T09:19:23Z","timestamp":1666948763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/25\/4\/421\/5874720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/enaa019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-4159","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]}}}