{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:10:14Z","timestamp":1790215814362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013787","name":"Westpac Bicentennial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study compared the observed and the self-reported engagement of 16 students who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) attending mainstream schools to that of matched controls with typical hearing. Observed engagement was measured through observations in the classroom setting using the Mainstream Version of the Code for Instructional Structure and Student Academic Reponses. Self-reported engagement was measured using the Classroom Participation Questionnaire. The results revealed no significant differences for either observed or self-reported engagement between the DHH and the control groups; however, three individual DHH participants had lower levels of observed engagement compared to their matched controls. As such, including engagement in the evaluation of students who are DHH may be important for some individuals to provide a better understanding of the daily challenges they experience at school. Where needs are identified, the support that students who are DHH receive should include a specific focus on engagement to assist with their successful inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T05:25:13Z","timestamp":1612416313000},"page":"395-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Engagement of Children who are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Attending Mainstream Schools"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Todorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karyn","family":"Galvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Klieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Field","family":"Rickards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Government, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref1","volume-title":"The Pipeline Project: trajectories of classroom behaviour and academic progress: a study of engagement","author":"Angus","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enl028","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the classroom participation questionnaire with deaf and hard of hearing students in public schools","volume":"12","author":"Antia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref3","volume-title":"NAPLAN Achievement in Reading, Writing, Language Conventions and Numeracy: National Report for 2019","author":"Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enq028","article-title":"How are they really doing? Observation of inclusionary classroom participation for children with mild-to-moderate deafness","volume":"15","author":"Borders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2839285","article-title":"The intelligibility of speech in elementary school classrooms","volume":"123","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070819462811200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4274","article-title":"Age at intervention for permanent hearing loss and 5-year language outcomes","volume":"140","author":"Ching","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000915","article-title":"Long-term communication outcomes for children receiving cochlear implants younger than 12 months: A multicenter study","volume":"37","author":"Dettman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2511\/rpsd.30.2.47","article-title":"Effect of continuous improvement training on student interaction and engagement","volume":"30","author":"Devlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref9","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Manual (Fourth Edition)","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021070819462811200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","article-title":"School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence","volume":"74","author":"Fredricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref11","first-page":"197","article-title":"Development and validation of standard classroom observation systems for school practitioners - ecobehaviral assessment systems software (EBASS)","volume":"61","author":"Greenwood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref12","volume-title":"Ecobehavioral Assessment Systems Software (EBASS): Practitioners' manual","author":"Greenwood","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070819462811200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.7054","article-title":"Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Behavior & Personality"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021070819462811200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2008.00871.x","article-title":"Perceived competence and school adjustment of hearing impaired children in mainstream primary school settings","volume":"34","author":"Hatamizadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021070819462811200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/14643154.2016.1142045","article-title":"Monitoring the achievement of deaf pupils in Sweden and Scotland: Approaches and outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Hendar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deafness & Education International"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-17-0007","article-title":"Subjective fatigue in children with hearing loss assessed using self- and parent-proxy report","volume":"26","author":"Hornsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref17","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Audiology","author":"Katz","year":"2015","edition":"7th"},{"issue":"49","key":"2021070819462811200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.70506","article-title":"Effects of noise and reverberation on speech perception and listening comprehension of children and adults in a classroom-like setting","volume":"12","author":"Klatte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Noise and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/5.2.174","article-title":"Academic and social benefits of a co-enrollment model of inclusive education for deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"5","author":"Kreimeyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021070819462811200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000835","article-title":"Listening difficulties of children with cochlear implants in mainstream secondary education","volume":"41","author":"Krijger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070819462811200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9604.00115","article-title":"Supporting the deaf child in the mainstream school: Is there a best way?","volume":"14","author":"Lynas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Support for Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070819462811200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402914563700","article-title":"Predicting the academic achievement of deaf and hard-of-hearing students from individual, household, communication, and educational factors","volume":"81","author":"Marschark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000623","article-title":"Behavioral measures of listening effort in school-age children: Examining the effects of signal-to-noise ratio, hearing loss, and amplification","volume":"40","author":"McGarrigle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref24","volume-title":"The 2nd meeting of the Australasian Acoustical Societies, Australia","author":"Mealings","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070819462811200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40857-019-00166-1","article-title":"Validation of the SoundOut room acoustics analyzer app for classrooms: A new method for self-assessment of noise levels and reverberation time in schools","volume":"47","author":"Mealings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acoustics Australia"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref26","volume-title":"School Social Behavior Scales User's Guide (second edition)","author":"Merrell","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref27","volume-title":"Academic engagement of deaf and hard of hearing students in a co-enrollment program (Doctoral dissertation)","author":"Metz","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2006.0029","article-title":"Demographics of deaf education: More students in more places","volume":"151","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm015","article-title":"Speech intelligibility, loneliness, and sense of coherence among deaf and hard-of-hearing children in individual inclusion and group inclusion","volume":"12","author":"Most","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/11-0058)","article-title":"Measuring speech recognition in children with cochlear implants in a virtual classroom","volume":"55","author":"Neuman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enq019","article-title":"Children with cochlear implants in Australia: Educational settings, supports, and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Punch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1260\/135101003768965960","article-title":"The effects of noise on children at school: A review","volume":"10","author":"Shield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Building Acoustics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070819462811200_ref33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Speech perception of hearing impaired children in mainstream acoustic environments: An exploratory study","volume":"21","author":"Smythe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Deafness and Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJA-19-0041","article-title":"Use of an application to verify classroom acoustic recommendations for children who are hard of hearing in a general education setting","volume":"28","author":"Spratford","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref35","volume-title":"Acoustics - Recommended design sound levels and reverberation times for building interiors (AS\/NZS 2107:2016)","author":"Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070819462811200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190493073.003.0013","volume-title":"Diversity in Deaf Education","author":"Tsach","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070819462811200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.0.0034","article-title":"School engagement and language achievement: A longitudinal study of gender differences across secondary school","volume":"55","author":"Van de gaer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021070819462811200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1722","article-title":"Population outcomes of three approaches to detection of congenital hearing loss","volume":"137","author":"Wake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics and Neonatology"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/395\/38617330\/enab003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/395\/38617330\/enab003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T03:22:29Z","timestamp":1625800949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/26\/3\/395\/6232577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/enab003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-4159","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}