{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:25:15Z","timestamp":1751603115453,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020S1A5A2A03044034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020S1A5A2A03044034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study examined the associations of vocabulary and phonological and orthographic awareness with Hangul word reading in Korean children, aged between 7 and 10\u00a0years, who were deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) and children with typical hearing (TH). The participants were 24 children with hearing aids (HAs), 24 children with cochlear implants (CIs), and 24 TH children in Korea. The three groups were matched for chronological age, vocabulary age, and nonverbal intelligence. Results showed that there were no differences between children with CIs and those with HAs in reading fluency and cognitive skills, except word-reading accuracy, whereas children with CIs and HAs were delayed in all measures compared with their TH peers. Regression analyses showed that syllable and phoneme awareness uniquely explained word-reading accuracy in children with DHH and those with TH. However, word-reading fluency was uniquely explained by syllable awareness in the DHH children and by vocabulary and orthographic awareness in the TH children. These results suggest that DHH and TH children in Korea rely on phonological awareness for Korean word recognition. However, DHH and TH Korean children tend to use different strategies based on sublexical versus lexical information, respectively, to read Korean words fluently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T11:52:21Z","timestamp":1633521141000},"page":"62-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlates of Korean Hangul Reading in Children With Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Soon-Gil","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nambu University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Yong","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nambu University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeung-Ryeul","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyungnam University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz050","article-title":"Language and reading progress of young deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"25","author":"Antia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121716581205600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.06.016","article-title":"Reading abilities after cochlear implantation: The effect of age at implantation on outcomes at five and seven years after implantation","volume":"72","author":"Archbold","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919","article-title":"Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Bowers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016212","article-title":"Syllable and letter knowledge in early Korean Hangul reading","volume":"101","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12332","article-title":"Relations of copying skills to Korean word reading and spelling among Korean kindergartners","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"volume-title":"The Korea test of literacy diagnosis (K-TOLD)","year":"2017","author":"Cho","key":"2021121716581205600_ref6"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0901_2","article-title":"Correlates of Korean Hangul acquisition among kindergartners and second graders","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.564","article-title":"Levels of phonological awareness in Korean and English: A 1-year longitudinal study","volume":"97","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2021121716581205600_ref9","article-title":"Different cognitive correlates of early learning of spelling of different target types in Korean Hangul among L1 children and adult foreign language learners","author":"Cho","year":"","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref10","first-page":"206","article-title":"Analyzing of research trends on cochlear implant in Korea: Mainly focused on researches since 2000","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01700.x","article-title":"Relation between deaf children\u2019s phonological skills in kindergarten and word recognition performance in first grade","volume":"48","author":"Colin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204","article-title":"DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud","volume":"108","author":"Coltheart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref12a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2010.01496.x","article-title":"Sounds, letters and meanings: the independent influences of phonological, morphological and orthographic skills on early word reading accuracy","volume":"35","author":"","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa024","article-title":"Reading fluency in young elementary school age deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"26","author":"Easterbrooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2021121716581205600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.08.017","article-title":"The contribution of short-term memory capacity to reading ability in adolescents with cochlear implants","volume":"90","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2","article-title":"Phonological awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from the National Reading Panel\u2019s meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Ehri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2021121716581205600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.11.020","article-title":"Semantic and syntactic reading comprehension strategies used by deaf children with early and late cochlear implantation","volume":"49\u201350","author":"Gallego","year":"2016","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000051690.43989.5D","article-title":"Predictors of reading skill development in children with early cochlear implantation","volume":"24","author":"Geers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enh016","article-title":"Deaf children\u2019s use of phonological coding: Evidence from reading, spelling, and working memory","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw101","article-title":"Concurrent and longitudinal predictors of reading for deaf and hearing children in primary school","volume":"22","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-H-15-0403","article-title":"Literacy outcomes for primary school children who are deaf and hard of hearing: A cohort comparison study","volume":"60","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref21","first-page":"535","article-title":"Comparison of phonological memory characteristics and relationships of phonological memory, language, and reading between students with cochlear implants and normal hearing students","volume":"12","author":"Heo","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice"},{"volume-title":"Reading fluency of hearing-impaired students with cochlear implant [Unpublished master\u2019s thesis]","year":"2018","author":"Jang","key":"2021121716581205600_ref22"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref23","first-page":"211","article-title":"A comparative study on working memory ability of school-aged children with cochlear implants or hearing aids","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0139)","article-title":"Phonological awareness, vocabulary and reading in deaf children with cochlear implants","volume":"53","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.107","article-title":"Developmental, component-based model of reading fluency: An investigation of word reading fluency, text reading fluency, and reading comprehension","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"volume-title":"Receptive and expressive vocabulary","year":"2009","author":"Kim","key":"2021121716581205600_ref26"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.04.011","article-title":"Predictors of reading development in deaf children: A three-year longitudinal study","volume":"107","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"volume-title":"Korea-standard progressive matrices","year":"2004","author":"Lim","key":"2021121716581205600_ref28"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121716581205600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-017-9729-1","article-title":"Reading fluency from grade 2\u20136: A longitudinal examination","volume":"30","author":"Lipka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"volume-title":"Children\u2019s literacy development","year":"2016","author":"McBride","key":"2021121716581205600_ref30"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enq049","article-title":"Reading achievement in relation to phonological coding and awareness in deaf readers: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mayberry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2019.1646954","article-title":"Phonological decoding and reading comprehension in deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"35","author":"Mathews","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Special Needs Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx043","article-title":"Literacy outcomes in deaf students with cochlear implants: Current state of the knowledge","volume":"23","author":"Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/5.1.9","article-title":"How do children who can\u2019t hear learn to read an alphabetic script? A review of the literature on reading and deafness","volume":"5","author":"Musselman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121716581205600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2011.576352","article-title":"Reading in an alphasyllabary: Implications for a language universal theory of learning to read","volume":"16","author":"Nag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121716581205600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318258c98e","article-title":"Emergent literacy in children with cochlear implants","volume":"33","author":"Nittrouer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"volume-title":"Do deaf signers access phonological information in English words: Evidence from rhyme judgments","year":"1992","author":"Parasnis","key":"2021121716581205600_ref37"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2012.692743","article-title":"What's in a name depends on the type of name: The relationships between semantic and phonological access, reading fluency, and reading comprehension","volume":"17","author":"Poulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"volume-title":"Manual for Raven\u2019s standard progressive matrices","year":"1998","author":"Raven","key":"2021121716581205600_ref39"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1989.tb00789.x","article-title":"Developmental differences in the influence of orthographic and phonological information in visual word recognition","volume":"7","author":"Rusted","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.4.584","article-title":"On the anglocentricities of current reading research and practice: The perils of overreliance on an \u201coutlier\u201d orthography","volume":"134","author":"Share","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","article-title":"A distributed, developmental model of visual word recognition and naming","volume":"96","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1994.1015","article-title":"The flexible use of phonological information in word recognition in Korean","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2021121716581205600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:READ.0000013808.65933.a1","article-title":"Syllable processing in alphabet Korean","volume":"17","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"volume-title":"Writing and literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese: Revised edition","year":"2014","author":"Taylor","key":"2021121716581205600_ref45"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enj029","article-title":"Cochlear implanted pupils in Scottish schools: 4-year school attainment data (2000\u20132004)","volume":"11","author":"Thoutenhoofd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4202.497","article-title":"A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids","volume":"42","author":"Tomblin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121716581205600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13158","article-title":"Early literacy predictors and second-grade outcomes in children who are hard of hearing","volume":"91","author":"Tomblin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0404_4","article-title":"Components in early second language reading and spelling","volume":"4","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121716581205600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm017","article-title":"Reading comprehension of deaf children with cochlear implants","volume":"12","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"volume-title":"The varieties of orthographic knowledge","year":"1994","author":"Wagner","key":"2021121716581205600_ref51"},{"volume-title":"Vocabulary acquisition: Implications for reading comprehension","year":"2007","author":"Wagner","key":"2021121716581205600_ref52"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121716581205600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env024","article-title":"Evaluating the structure of early English literacy skills in deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"20","author":"","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121716581205600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.272","article-title":"Dysfluent reading in the absence of spelling difficulties: A specific disability in regular orthographies","volume":"94","author":"Wimmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121716581205600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1159\/000322310","article-title":"Long-term language levels and reading skills in Mandarin-speaking prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiology and Neurotology"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/62\/41781268\/enab035.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/62\/41781268\/enab035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T18:56:44Z","timestamp":1639767404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/27\/1\/62\/6427236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/enab035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1081-4159"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1465-7325"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]}}}