{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:14:06Z","timestamp":1792113246919,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1651372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1651372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lexical quality hypothesis proposes that the quality of phonological, orthographic, and semantic representations impacts reading comprehension. In Study 1, we evaluated the contributions of lexical quality to reading comprehension in 97 deaf and 98 hearing adults matched for reading ability. While phonological awareness was a strong predictor for hearing readers, for deaf readers, orthographic precision and semantic knowledge, not phonology, predicted reading comprehension (assessed by two different tests). For deaf readers, the architecture of the reading system adapts by shifting reliance from (coarse-grained) phonological representations to high-quality orthographic and semantic representations. In Study 2, we examined the contribution of American Sign Language (ASL) variables to reading comprehension in 83 deaf adults. Fingerspelling (FS) and ASL comprehension skills predicted reading comprehension. We suggest that FS might reinforce orthographic-to-semantic mappings and that sign language comprehension may serve as a linguistic basis for the development of skilled reading in deaf signers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enac018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T03:06:48Z","timestamp":1656644808000},"page":"355-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Contribution of Lexical Quality and Sign Language Variables to Reading Comprehension"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zed Sevcikova","family":"Sehyr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Emmorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023070101193401600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229591","article-title":"Early visual language skills affect the trajectory of literacy gains over a three-year period of time for preschool aged deaf children who experience signing in the home","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023070101193401600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089994","article-title":"Sign language ability in young deaf signers predicts comprehension of written sentences in English","volume":"9","author":"Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023070101193401600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018366","article-title":"Lexical precision in skilled readers: Individual differences in masked neighbor priming","volume":"139","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023070101193401600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01387-3","article-title":"Measuring lexical quality: The role of spelling ability","volume":"52","author":"Andrews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070101193401600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2011.568555","article-title":"Reading difficulties in adult deaf readers of French: Phonological codes, not guilty!","volume":"16","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070101193401600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414567527","article-title":"What eye movements reveal about deaf readers","volume":"24","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070101193401600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent001","article-title":"Reading books with young deaf children: Strategies for mediating between American sign language and English","volume":"18","author":"Berke","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070101193401600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12304","article-title":"First and second language vocabulary affect early second language reading comprehension development","volume":"43","author":"Bosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070101193401600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400030401","article-title":"Speaking up for vocabulary: Reading skill differences in young adults","volume":"40","author":"Braze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"2023070101193401600_ref10","volume-title":"The Nelson-Denny reading test: vocabulary, comprehension, reading rate. 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