{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:58:02Z","timestamp":1783029482556,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Special Education Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R324C120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324C120001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008545","name":"Georgia State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Studies have shown the benefits of fingerspelling on literacy skills in school-age deaf and hard-of-hearing students. This study is an observation of 20 first- and second-grade classrooms. The classroom observations were coded for fingerspelling event frequency, type, length, and whether it was chained to print. The observations showed that teachers used an average of 54 fingerspelled events during 40-min lessons. Teachers\u2019 frequency of fingerspelling was positively related to students\u2019 frequency of fingerspelling. The types of words fingerspelled included Vocabulary (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), Function (prepositions, articles, and conjunctions), Abbreviations, and Single Letter Names (i.e., manual alphabet). Teachers most frequently fingerspelled Vocabulary words (57.9%, SD\u2009=\u200922.1%) followed by Function words (15%, SD\u2009=\u200911.2%). The average length of Vocabulary and Function words were 4.2 (SD\u2009=\u20090.7) and 2.9 (SD\u2009=\u20091.1) letters, respectively. Teachers chained fingerspelling to print 20% (SD\u2009=\u200910%) of the time. We suggest that teachers could increase and more systematically use fingerspelling in early-elementary classrooms, explicitly bridging the connection between fingerspelling and print given its association with reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enad023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T11:13:47Z","timestamp":1689678827000},"page":"30-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fingerspelling Used in Classrooms by Teachers of the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia L","family":"Walsh-Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech , Language, Hearing Sciences, , USA"},{"name":"Metropolitan State University of Denver , Language, Hearing Sciences, , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Schick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech , Language, and Hearing Sciences, , USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder , Language, and Hearing Sciences, , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Lederberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref1","volume-title":"The acquisition of fingerspelling in pre-school children","author":"Akamatsu","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071701001480700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.1989.0018","article-title":"The role of fingerspelling in simultaneous communication","volume":"1065","author":"Akamatsu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071701001480700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2015.0006","article-title":"ASL skills, fingerspelling ability, home communication context and early alphabetic knowledge of preschool-aged deaf children","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref4","volume-title":"Lexical borrowing in American Sign Language","author":"Battison","year":"1978"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316286401","volume-title":"Sign language phonology","author":"Brentari","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref6","author":"Center on Literacy and Deafness","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071701001480700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr051","article-title":"Processing orthographic structure: Associations between print and fingerspelling","volume":"17","author":"Emmorey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref8","volume-title":"American sign language: Receptive skills test","author":"Enns","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref9","first-page":"41","volume-title":"The deaf child in the family and at school","author":"Erting","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071701001480700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm003","article-title":"The transition from fingerspelling to English print: Facilitating English decoding","volume":"12","author":"Haptonstall-Nykaza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071701001480700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1525\/var.2000.15.2.84","article-title":"\u201cChaining\u201d and other links: Making connections between American Sign Language and English in two types of school settings","volume":"15","author":"Humphries","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Society for Visual Anthropology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071701001480700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz011","article-title":"Modality and interrelations among language, reading, spoken phonological awareness, and fingerspelling","volume":"24","author":"Lederberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071701001480700_ref13","first-page":"278","article-title":"Fingerspelling and its role in translanguaging","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref14","volume-title":"INTERACT user guide","author":"Mangold","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.1988.0033","article-title":"The alphabetic principle and fingerspelling","volume":"1061","author":"Maxwell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref16","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in sign language research","author":"Mayberry","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5269-0_9","volume-title":"Assessing literacy in deaf individuals: Neurocognitive measurements and predictors","author":"Morere","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref18","first-page":"191","article-title":"The acquisition of fingerspelling by deaf children","volume":"2","author":"Padden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195180947.003.0008","volume-title":"Advances in the sign language development of deaf children","author":"Padden","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.1985.0011","article-title":"An alphabet on hand: The acquisition of fingerspelling in deaf children","volume":"1047","author":"Padden","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-199808000-00005","article-title":"Reading ability in signing deaf children","volume":"18","author":"Padden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref22","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Language acquisition by eye","author":"Padden","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071701001480700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1179\/1557069X13Y.0000000020","article-title":"Young deaf children's fingerspelling in learning to read and write: An ethnographic study in a signing setting","volume":"15","author":"Roos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Deafness & Education International"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref24","volume-title":"Fingerspelling our way to reading","author":"Schick","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref25","volume-title":"Fast mapping of novel fingerspelled words by profoundly deaf students","author":"Sedey","year":"1995"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071701001480700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-010-9196-y","article-title":"The efficacy of fingerspell coding and visual imaging techniques in improving the spelling proficiency of deaf signing elementary-phase children: A south African case study","volume":"22","author":"Staden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"2024071701001480700_ref27","volume-title":"Stanford Achievement Test Series","author":"The Psychological Corporation","year":"1989","edition":"8th"}],"container-title":["Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/30\/54695488\/enad023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article-pdf\/29\/1\/30\/54695488\/enad023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T01:00:40Z","timestamp":1721178040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jdsde\/article\/29\/1\/30\/7225381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/enad023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-4159","1465-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-4159","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]}}}