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However, emerging evidence suggests intrinsic differences among OGDs that may lead to diverse functions. OGDs heterogeneity could depend on their origin, location, age, and the presence of pathology. These variations indicate that specific populations of OGDs can modulate local immune responses and interact with other immune cells beyond their role in myelination. OGDs express major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules and can thus present endogenous and exogenous antigens to CD8\u2005+\u2005and CD4\u2005+\u2005T cells, respectively. In physiological conditions, OGDs release factors that maintain microglial quiescence and support homeostatic functions. However, during neuroinflammation, OGDs interact with microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells infiltrating the CNS, which may change their signaling profiles. In inflammatory conditions, OGDs demonstrate their active role in CNS immunology by producing a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These factors are critical to the regulation of immune cell migration and activation within the CNS. Conversely, OGDs can also release anti-inflammatory factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factors, which help mitigate excessive inflammatory responses. Research into how OGDs affect and are affected by neighboring cells may unveil new therapeutic targets and strategies. The dual roles of OGDs in immunology and CNS function present both opportunities and challenges for advancing our understanding and treatment of CNS disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyaf005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T15:50:25Z","timestamp":1745855425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The immunological role of oligodendrocytes: beyond myelin maintenance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana M","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica e Instituto de Qu\u00edmica y Fisiscoqu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica IQUIFIB Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge D","family":"Correale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica y Fisicoqu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica IQUIFIB Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET Argentina y , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda FLENI Buenos Aires, Fundaci\u00f3n para la lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurologicas de la Infancia , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.014","article-title":"Microglia: immune and non-immune functions","volume":"54","author":"Borst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.09.021","article-title":"The immunomodulatory oligodendrocyte","volume":"1641","author":"Zeis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.342678","article-title":"Not only myelination: the immune-inflammatory functions of oligodendrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Bocazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0236-y","article-title":"Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Falcao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12163","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte-microglia cross-talk in the central nervous system","volume":"141","author":"Peferoen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0654-2","article-title":"Microglia phagocytose myelin sheaths to modify developmental myelination","volume":"23","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24343","article-title":"Interactions of glial cells with neuronal synapses, from astrocytes to microglia and oligodendrocyte lineage cells","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39046-8","article-title":"Astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction regulates central nervous system regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Molina-Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025060307163155600_CIT0009","first-page":"63","article-title":"Estudios sobre la neurolog\u00eda. 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