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They also interact with immune effector cells, including microglia and T cells, hence, are involved in central nervous system immune regulation. Given the crucial roles for oligodendrocytes and myelin in axonal function and maintenance, dysfunction, whether through cell death, myelin injury and loss, or failure in normal myelin formation, impairs neurological function. In diseases such as multiple sclerosis, the leukodystrophies, and viral infection, neuroinflammation is an important effector of myelin injury, having secondary consequences for the myelinated axon. In this review, we discuss the role of oligodendrocytes in health and inflammatory disease, with a focus on the interplay between inflammation and oligodendrocyte-axon interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyaf008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T22:51:26Z","timestamp":1745880686000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inflammation\u2019s impact on the interaction between oligodendrocytes and axons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Tabitha R F","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5689-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"Pingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030710470471800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811013115","article-title":"Regulation of myelin structure and conduction velocity by perinodal astrocytes","volume":"115","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci 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